Introduite depuis l'Amérique du sud au début du XIXème siècle à Montpellier, les Ludwigia, hydrophytes amphibies, ont depuis envahi toute la France. L'objectif de nos recherches a été la possibilité de valoriser leurs tonnes annuelles de biomasse polluante. Ainsi, notre étude s'est centrée sur la mise en évidence des capacités antibactériennes et antioxydantes de L. grandiflora (durant deux cycles de développement) et de L. peploides (durant une période de floraison). Les extraits bruts de leurs différents organes se sont montré actifs contre 14 souches de bactéries Gram + ou Gram-, potentiellement pathogènes. Ainsi, les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus avec les extraits des organes des plantes en période de floraison. Les capacités antibactériennes de L. grandiflora sont apparues supérieures à celles de L. peploides. De même, les extraits des fleurs et des feuilles ont été les plus inhibiteurs. Certains d'entre eux se sont montrés plus actifs que six antibiotiques communs. L'activité antioxydante totale a également été mise en évidence et suivie durant le cycle de développement des deux Ludwigia. Les EC50 sont même très basses, et parfois concurrentielles de celle obtenue avec le Trolox, le témoin utilisé. Les fractionnements bioguidés effectués ont permis d'isoler des fractions plus actives que l'extrait brut. Toutefois, les analyses par spectrométrie de masse (SM) et de spectroscopie (RMN 1D, IR) n'ont pas permis de pouvoir à ce stade en déterminer les molécules actives. Nos travaux, novateurs, ouvrent cependant des perspectives de valorisation dans les domaines de la Pharmaceutique, de la Cosmétique et de l'alimentation, et, également en écologie. / Introduced from South America in the early nineteenth century in Montpellier, Ludwigia, amphibious hydrophytes have since invaded the whole of France. The objective of our research was to study the possibilities to enhance the annual tons of biomass clean their beds. Thus, our study focused on the identification of antibacterial and antioxidant capacitiesof L. grandiflora (for two development cycles) and of L. peploides (during a period of flowering) in herbarium southern France. It was found that crude extracts of their different organs are shown active against 14 strains Gram+ and Gram- potentially pathogenic bacteria. The best results were obtained with extracts of plant organs during flowering. In general, the antibacterial capacity of L. grandiflora appeared superior to those of L. peploides. Similarly, extracts of flowers and leaves were the most inhibitors. Some of them were more active than six common antibiotics, some very powerful, against 14 strains tested. The total antioxidant activity was also highlighted and followed during the development cycle of both Ludwigia. The EC50 is even very low, and sometimes competing that obtained with Trolox, the control used. The guided bio splits made during this preliminary study led to the isolation of the most active fractions as the crude extract. However, analysis by mass spectrometry (MS) and spectroscopy (1DNMR, IR) did not allow this time to be able to determine the active molecules. Our innovative study, yet provide opportunities for enhancement in the areas of Pharmaceutical, Cosmetics and alimentation, and also for research in phytochemistry and ecology.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a composição e distribuição de macrófitas aquáticas no reservatório Guarapiranga, além de contribuir para o conhecimento taxonômico das espécies. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de Julho/2008 a Junho/2009, em 20 bancos de macrófitas distribuídos ao longo de todo reservatório. Em cada banco foram coletadas e registradas as espécies presentes e coletadas amostra superficial da água para análise em laboratório do fósforo total e clorofila \"a\". In situ, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura da água, pH, CE, OD e DS. Para verificar a distribuição e relação das macrófitas com variáveis ambientais foram realizadas análises de similaridade e correspondência canônica. A comunidade de macrófitas do reservatório é composta por 133 espécies, pertencentes a 89 gêneros, distribuídos em 45 famílias, sendo 127 de Angiospermas, 5 de Samambaias e 1 de Hepática, neste trabalho é apresentado uma chave de identificação e descrições para as espécies presentes na área de estudo. Através das análises estatísticas observamos dois principais agrupamentos: o primeiro constituído de 4 bancos de macrófitas localizados no Braço Embu-Guaçu, caracterizados pela presença de macrófitas enraizadas com folhas flutuantes e submersas e com melhor qualidade de água e o segundo constituído de outros bancos com predomínio de espécies emergentes e flutuantes e água com maior carga de poluentes. A área de cobertura da espécie Polygonum ferrugineum diminuiu com elevação do nível da represa, enquanto a área de cobertura de macrófitas flutuantes livres (Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia herzogii) aumentou. Foi possível concluir que a Represa Guarapiranga possui uma elevada riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas, cuja composição específica é diferente entre os braços e corpo central. / The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the Guarapiranga reservoir and contribute to the taxonomic knowledge of the species. Field work were performed monthly from June/2008 to May/2009, in 20 stands of macrophytes distributed throughout the reservoir. In each stand, the present species were recorded and collected and water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen and Secchi disk transparency were measured. Additionally, superficial water sample were collected for total phosphorus and chlorophyll \"a\" analysis in the laboratory. To investigate the distribution of macrophytes and its relationship with environmental variables, similarity and canonical correspondence analysis were performed. The aquatic macrophytes community of the reservoir was composed of 133 species belonging to 89 genera distributed in 45 families being 127 angiosperms, 5 ferns and 1 liverwort. This work presents an identification key and descriptions for the species present in study area. The statistical analysis showed a cluster of four macrophytes stands located in the branch Embu-Guaçu, characterized by the presence of rooted macrophytes with floating leaves and submerged and with a better quality of water.Another cluster was formed by the other groups of macrophyte stands that were dominate by floating and emergent species, where we observed higher load of pollutants in the water. The coverage area of the species Polygonum ferrugineum decreased with the increase in the water level of the reservoir, while the coverage of the free-floating species (Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia herzogii) increased. In conclusion, Guarapiranga has a great aquatic macrophytes species richness, with different specific composition in the branches and in the central body.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a composição e distribuição de macrófitas aquáticas no reservatório Guarapiranga, além de contribuir para o conhecimento taxonômico das espécies. Foram realizadas coletas mensais de Julho/2008 a Junho/2009, em 20 bancos de macrófitas distribuídos ao longo de todo reservatório. Em cada banco foram coletadas e registradas as espécies presentes e coletadas amostra superficial da água para análise em laboratório do fósforo total e clorofila \"a\". In situ, foram tomadas medidas de temperatura da água, pH, CE, OD e DS. Para verificar a distribuição e relação das macrófitas com variáveis ambientais foram realizadas análises de similaridade e correspondência canônica. A comunidade de macrófitas do reservatório é composta por 133 espécies, pertencentes a 89 gêneros, distribuídos em 45 famílias, sendo 127 de Angiospermas, 5 de Samambaias e 1 de Hepática, neste trabalho é apresentado uma chave de identificação e descrições para as espécies presentes na área de estudo. Através das análises estatísticas observamos dois principais agrupamentos: o primeiro constituído de 4 bancos de macrófitas localizados no Braço Embu-Guaçu, caracterizados pela presença de macrófitas enraizadas com folhas flutuantes e submersas e com melhor qualidade de água e o segundo constituído de outros bancos com predomínio de espécies emergentes e flutuantes e água com maior carga de poluentes. A área de cobertura da espécie Polygonum ferrugineum diminuiu com elevação do nível da represa, enquanto a área de cobertura de macrófitas flutuantes livres (Pistia stratiotes e Salvinia herzogii) aumentou. Foi possível concluir que a Represa Guarapiranga possui uma elevada riqueza de macrófitas aquáticas, cuja composição específica é diferente entre os braços e corpo central. / The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the Guarapiranga reservoir and contribute to the taxonomic knowledge of the species. Field work were performed monthly from June/2008 to May/2009, in 20 stands of macrophytes distributed throughout the reservoir. In each stand, the present species were recorded and collected and water temperature, pH, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen and Secchi disk transparency were measured. Additionally, superficial water sample were collected for total phosphorus and chlorophyll \"a\" analysis in the laboratory. To investigate the distribution of macrophytes and its relationship with environmental variables, similarity and canonical correspondence analysis were performed. The aquatic macrophytes community of the reservoir was composed of 133 species belonging to 89 genera distributed in 45 families being 127 angiosperms, 5 ferns and 1 liverwort. This work presents an identification key and descriptions for the species present in study area. The statistical analysis showed a cluster of four macrophytes stands located in the branch Embu-Guaçu, characterized by the presence of rooted macrophytes with floating leaves and submerged and with a better quality of water.Another cluster was formed by the other groups of macrophyte stands that were dominate by floating and emergent species, where we observed higher load of pollutants in the water. The coverage area of the species Polygonum ferrugineum decreased with the increase in the water level of the reservoir, while the coverage of the free-floating species (Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia herzogii) increased. In conclusion, Guarapiranga has a great aquatic macrophytes species richness, with different specific composition in the branches and in the central body.

Shallow sheltered Baltic Sea bays are ecologically important habitats that harbour a unique vegetation community and constitute vital reproduction areas for many coastal fish species. Knowledge about the invertebrate community in these bays is, however, limited. This thesis examines the macroinvertebrate community in shallow sheltered Baltic Sea bays and how it is affected by: (1) the natural morphometric isolation of bays from the sea due to post-glacial land uplift; and (2) differences in vegetation types. The invertebrate biomass and number of taxa was found to decrease with increased bay isolation. The taxon composition changed from dominance by bivalves and gastropods in open bays to a community composed of a larger proportion of insects in isolated bays. Stable isotope analysis indicated epiphytes and periphyton as the major energy resources for most of the examined consumers, but the relative importance of these in relation to larger plants decreased for some consumers with increased bay isolation. A comparison of invertebrate abundance between plants revealed a close relationship with morphological complexity of the plants. More complexly structured plants had higher invertebrate abundance than plants with simpler morphology. The results suggest that management of these coastal habitats should be dynamic and take into consideration the natural change in invertebrate community resulting from the slow bay isolation process. In addition, the results imply that changes in the aquatic vegetation due to anthropogenic influences could induce changes in the invertebrate community as the plant habitat structure is altered. A changed invertebrate community may in turn affect higher trophic levels since invertebrates are important food for many fish and waterfowl species. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 4: In press.