Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Synthese von enantiomerenreinen α-substituierten β-Hydroxyestern zu neuartigen 4,5-disubstituieren Oxazolidin-2-onen, die auch als EVANS-Auxilare bekannt sind.

Submitted by Biblioteca da Faculdade de Farmácia (bff@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-04-19T17:50:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, Simone Santos de Sousa [Dissertação, 2012].pdf: 991123 bytes, checksum: 0920cf1854462d2adaacf1b65b31e369 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T17:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira, Simone Santos de Sousa [Dissertação, 2012].pdf: 991123 bytes, checksum: 0920cf1854462d2adaacf1b65b31e369 (MD5) / Os beta-hidroxiésteres são importantes intermediários para a síntese de substâncias bioativas e outros produtos de interesse econômico. A forma de obtenção mais vantajosa, atualmente, é a redução microbiana (biorredução) de beta-cetoésteres. Esse tipo de processo possibilita produzir alto excesso enantiomérico do isômero desejado, ao contrário da síntese química convencional que, geralmente, produz misturas racêmicas. A maioria das reduções microbianas resulta em excesso do enantiômero (S), mas também é observada a inversão dessa configuração, dependendo da estrutura do substrato e do microrganismo utilizado. No presente trabalho, -hidroxiésteres quirais foram obtidos a partir da biorredução enantiosseletiva de oito beta-cetoésteres: 3-oxobutanoato de etila (1), 3-oxopentanoato de metila (3), 3-oxopentanoato de etila (4), 3-oxohexanoato de etila (5), 4-cloro-3-oxobutanoato de metila (7), 4,4,4-tricloro-3-oxobutanoato de etila (8), 4,4,4-triflúor-3-oxobutanoato de etila (9) e 3-(4-clorofenil)-3-oxopropanoato de metila (11), utilizando a levedura Kluyveromyces marxianus como biocatalisador. Esta levedura apresentou altíssima enantiosseletividade (R), com excesso enantiomérico de aproximadamente 100% na redução dos β-cetoésteres 3, 4 e 5. Com o propósito de obter padrões para a caracterização dos produtos da reação microbiológica, visto que não há no mercado a disponibilidade de padrões para todos os betahidroxiésteres obtidos neste estudo, estes foram sintetizados por redução química aquiral com boroidreto de sódio, em dois diferentes meios reacionais, metanol e glicerol. A redução química em glicerol apresentou melhores resultados do que a metodologia convencional com metanol. Técnicas de modelagem molecular foram utilizadas para uma correlação entre as estruturas dos beta-cetoésteres e os resultados de conversão e excesso enantiomérico obtidos nos experimentos de biorredução. O mapa de LUMO foi o melhor parâmetro para esta correlação / The β-hydroxyesters are important intermediates for the synthesis of bioactive substances and other products of economic interest. The most advantageous way to obtain the microbial reduction (bioreduction) is currently β-ketoesters. Such process allows to produce high enantiomeric excess of the desired isomer, unlike the conventional chemical synthesis, which generally produces racemic mixtures. Most microbial reduction result in enantiomeric excess of the enantiomer (S), but it was observed the reversal of this configuration, depending on the structure of the substrate and the microorganisms used. In the present study β-hydroxyesters chiral were obtained from the enantioselective bioreduction of eight β-ketoesters: ethyl 3-oxobutanoate (1), methyl 3-oxopentanoate (3), ethyl 3-oxopentanoate (4), ethyl 3-oxohexanoate (5), methyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (7), ethyl 4,4,4-trichloro-3-oxobutanoate (8), ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate (9) and methyl 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopropanoate (11), using the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus as biocatalyst. This yeast showed high enantioselectivity R, with enantiomeric excess of about 100% reduction of β-ketoesters 3, 4 and 5. In order to synthesize the standards for the characterization of the products after the reaction microbiological, since there are no market standards for the availability of all β- hydroxyesters of this study, we used achiral chemical reduction with sodium borohydride in two different reaction media, methanol and glycerol. The chemical reduction in glycerol showed better results than the conventional method with methanol. Molecular modeling techniques were used for a correlation between the structures of β-ketoesters and the results of conversion and enantiomeric excess obtained in the bioreduction experiments. The map of LUMO was the best parameter for this correlation

Diazonium salts are intermediates that are widely used in organic synthesis. They are typically obtained by in-situ generation of a nitrosonium ion from sodium nitrite and an acid, or by a nitrosyl transfer from an organic nitrite. Unlike extensively used aryl diazonium salts, alkyl diazonium intermediates are much less studied, due to their lower stability, and their general carcinogenicity. They usually decompose into the corresponding carbocation, affording the alcohol, halide and/or elimination product. Despite the large range of reactivity of these intermediates, diazonium salts are generally under-used, as they are potentially dangerous, especially on large scale. Solutions have been found to overcome this drawback, namely in situ formation of the diazonium species. Continuous flow is a powerful technology to handle hazardous compounds. Such a technology was recently used by our group to perform the continuous flow esterification of carboxylic acids via the diazotisation of alkylamines. The reaction proceeds in 20 minutes and is compatible with a large range of functional groups. The nitrite used in the reaction is propane-1,3-dinitrite. Notably, the reaction is compatible with hydroxy-substituted carboxylic acids. These substrates led us to study the synthesis of hydroxyesters from carboxylic acids and amino alcohols. The reaction was described in continuous flow in 30 to 60 min at 70 to 100 °C. In addition, a batch procedure in t-BuOH at 80 °C with reaction time varying from 6 h to overnight was developed. Alkyl diazonium intermediates were also used in the etherification of aryl alcohols. We developed a base-free etherification of electron-poor phenols. The reaction proceeded in batch with moderate to high yields within one hour. 2-, 3-, and 4-hydroxypyridines were also successfully reacted, as well as hydroxyquinoline and hydroxypyrimidine derivative, leading to the O-alkylated ether as the major product. Finally, N-alkylation of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazole was also achieved, and the 2N-alkylated tetrazole was obtained as a major product. A one-pot sequential 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition -diazotisation was optimized, enabling the synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted tetrazoles from nitriles, TMSN3, and alkylamine. Furthermore, different parameters governing the ratio of formation of the 1,5- and the 2,5- isomers were studied. / Les sels de diazonium sont des intermédiaires largement utilisés en synthèse organique. Ils sont généralement obtenus par génération in situ d'un ion nitrosonium à partir de nitrite de sodium et d'un acide, ou par transfert de nitrosyle à partir d'un nitrite organique. Contrairement aux sels de diazoniums d’aryle, largement utilisés, les intermédiaires diazoniums d’alkyle sont beaucoup moins étudiés, en raison de leur stabilité moindre et de leur caractère cancérigène. Ils se décomposent généralement pour former des produits résultant de la formation d’un carbocation en donnant l'alcool, l'halogénure et/ou le produit d'élimination. Malgré les différentes possibilités de réactivité de ces intermédiaires, les sels de diazonium sont généralement sous-utilisés, car ils sont potentiellement dangereux, surtout à grande échelle. Des solutions ont été trouvées pour surmonter cet inconvénient, à savoir la formation in situ des espèces de diazonium. Par ailleurs, la chimie en flux continu est une technologie puissante pour manipuler les composés dangereux. Cette technologie a récemment été utilisée par notre groupe pour réaliser l'estérification en flux continu d'acides carboxyliques via la diazotation d'amines aliphatiques. La réaction se déroule en 20 minutes et est compatible avec une large gamme de groupement fonctionnels. Le nitrite utilisé dans la réaction est le propane-1,3-dinitrite. Notamment, la réaction est compatible avec les acides carboxyliques substitués par des groupement alcool. Ces substrats nous ont conduit à étudier la synthèse d'hydroxyesters à partir d'acides carboxyliques et d'aminoalcools. La réaction a été décrite en flux continu en 30 à 60 min avec des températures allant de 70 à 100 °C. De plus, une procédure batch dans du t-BuOH à 80 °C avec un temps de réaction variant de 6 h à toute la nuit a été développée. Les intermédiaires diazoniums d’alkyle ont également été utilisés pour l'éthérification des alcools aromatiques. Nous avons développé une éthérification sans base de phénols pauvres en électrons. La réaction s'est déroulée en batch avec des rendements modérés à élevés en une heure. Les 2-, 3-, et 4-hydroxypyridines ont également été utilisées avec succès, ainsi que des dérivés d'hydroxyquinoléine d'hydroxypyrimidine, conduisant à l'éther O-alkylé comme produit majoritaire. Enfin, la N-alkylation du 1H-tétrazole 5-substitué a également été réalisée, et le tétrazole 2Nalkylé a été obtenu comme produit majoritaire. Une cycloaddition 1,3-dipolaire - diazotisation séquentielle à un pot a été optimisée, permettant la synthèse de tétrazoles 2,5-disubstitués à partir de nitriles, de TMSN3 et d'amine aliphatique. En outre, différents paramètres régissant le ratio de formation des isomères 1,5- et 2,5- ont été étudiés.