Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003. / Document formatted into pages; contains xiv, 244 p. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2005 Dec. 3.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

by Kam-Ming Au. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 87-101. / LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS / ABSTRACT / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Normal calcium homeostasis --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- The incidence and common causes of hypercalcemia in hospital population --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Hypercalcemia in primary hyperparathyroidism --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hypercalcemia of malignancy --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- Pathophysiology of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Pathogenesis of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy-evidence for a parathyroid hormone-related peptide --- p.20 / Chapter 1.7 --- Hypercalcemia in primary hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.27 / Chapter 1.8 --- Physiological role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate --- p.28 / Chapter 1.9 --- Aim of the present study --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER 2. --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1 --- Patients --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma patients --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Cirrhotic patients --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Healthy control subjects --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Collection of blood and urine specimens --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4 --- Methods --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Routine chemistries --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Plasma and urine cyclic adenosine monophosphate --- p.33 / Chapter - --- commercial urine controls --- p.34 / Chapter - --- scintillation cocktail --- p.34 / Chapter - --- imprecision study --- p.34 / Chapter - --- accuracy study --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate and total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate / 100 ml glomerular filtrate --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate : creatinine ratio --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Components of hypercalcemia --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Urinary hydroxyproline : creatinine ratio --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Renal phosphate threshold --- p.37 / Chapter 2.4.8 --- Serum parathyroid hormone --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.9 --- Serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.39 / Chapter CHAPTER 3. --- RESULTS --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1 --- Method validation for cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Standard curve of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay --- p.40 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Results of imprecision study --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Results of accuracy study --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- "Results of hypercalcemic and normocalcemic hepatocellular carcinoma patients, cirrhotic patients, and healthy control subjects" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- "Results of serum calcium, albumin adjusted calcium, serum albumin and serum alkaline phosphatase" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- "Results of serum phosphate, renal phosphate threshold and serum parathyroid hormone" --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Results of plasma cyclic adenosine monophosphate --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- "Results of nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate , total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate / 100 ml glomerular filtrate and total urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate : creatinine ratio 59" / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Results of urinary calcium : creatinine ratio and urinary hydroxyproline : creatinine ratio --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Factors contributing to hypercalcemia in hepatocellular carcinoma patients 71 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Results of serum parathyroid hormone-related peptide --- p.75 / Chapter CHAPTER 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.77 / REFERENCES --- p.87

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1989. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 1989. / Extra t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

La vitamine D (D3 ou cholécalciférol du règne animal et D2 ou ergostérol du règne végétal) est une hormone pléiotrope qui possède de nombreux effets biologiques incluant la régulation du métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate. Chez l’Homme, ce composé est synthétisé au niveau cutané sous forme inactive. On décrit ainsi le métabolisme de la vitamine D qui conduit à la production de métabolites actifs (par les vitamine D 25- et 1α-hydroxylases codées par les gènes CYP2R1 et CYP27B1) et à leur dégradation par la vitamine D 24-hydroxylase (gène CYP24A1). L’expression des vitamine 1α- et 24-hydroxylases est finement et inversement régulée afin de maintenir l’homéostasie phosphocalcique, grâce à plusieurs boucles de rétrocontrôle impliquant entre autres la forme 1,25-dihydroxylée de la vitamine D et son récepteur VDR, la calcémie et la parathormone, la phosphatémie et le FGF23. La carence en vitamine D et les défauts de son activation sont associés à un phénotype de rachitisme, tandis que les excès en vitamine D sont associés à un phénotype d’hypercalcémie-hypercalciurie par intoxication (surdosage) ou hypersensibilité à la vitamine D (excès d’activation ou défaut de dégradation).L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’identifier des causes génétiques de dérégulation du métabolisme de la vitamine D et de préciser leurs mécanismes physiopathologiques par une description précise du phénotype associé. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé de façon conjointe les outils de la génétique (séquençage nouvelle génération et Sanger) et de la biochimie (dosage des métabolites) dans une cohorte de patients recrutés grâce au centre de référence maladies rares du métabolisme du calcium et du phosphate.Ce travail a permis de préciser le rôle de deux gènes dans les maladies liées à la dérégulation métabolisme de la vitamine D, CYP2R1 et CYP24A1, par la mise en évidence de mutations perte de fonction chez des patients avec un phénotype de rachitisme à 25-hydroxyvitamine D basse et d’hypersensibilité à la vitamine D respectivement. Notre étude a permis aussi de préciser le phénotype de ces affections. Dans la cohorte des patients étudiés, l’identification de mutations de gènes impactant le métabolisme du phosphate (SLC34A1 et SLC34A3), souligne l’intérêt de l’étude des facteurs régulateurs des activités vitamine D 1α- et 24-hydroxylases.Aucune variation significative dans les régions promotrices proximales de CYP27B1 et CYP24A1 n’a été identifiée. Le peu de connaissances sur l’ensemble des éléments régulateurs chez l’Homme n’a pas permis d’approfondir notre étude. L’identification et l’étude de ces éléments régulateurs distaux permettra de déterminer leur implication dans les maladies rares du métabolisme de la vitamine D. / The vitamin D (D3 or cholecalciferol from animal kingdom and D2 or ergosterol from plan kingdom) is a pleiotropic hormone who has numerous biological effects including the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. In humans, this compound is synthetized in skin in an inactive form. Thus, we call vitamin D metabolism the biological process which leads to the production of active metabolites (by enzymes 25- and 1α-hydroxylases encoded by CYP2R1 and CYP27B1 genes) and its degradation by vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (gene CYP24A1). The expression of 1α- and 24-hydroxylases is tightly and inversely regulated to maintain calcium and phosphate homeostasis, thanks to several feedback loops including 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and its receptor VDR, serum calcium and parathormone, serum phosphate and FGF23. Vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D activation deficiency are associated with rickets, while vitamin D excess are associated with hypercalcemia-hypercalciuria due to vitamin D intoxication (overdose) or hypersensitivity to vitamin D (activation excess or degradation deficiency).Our aim is to identify genetic causes of vitamin D metabolism deregulation and to specify pathophysiologic mechanisms describing phenotype. Thus, we jointly used the tools of genetics (next-generation and Sanger sequencing) and biochemistry (vitamin D metabolites assay) in a cohort of human patients ascertained thanks to the national center for rare diseases of calcium and phosphate metabolism.This work allowed us to specify the role of two genes in diseases of vitamin D metabolism, CYP2R1 and CYP24A1, showing loss of function mutations in patients with rickets and low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and hypersensitivity to vitamin D, respectively. Our study brought new phenotypic elements in these affections. In our cohort of patients, the identification of mutations leading to phosphate deregulation (in SLC34A1 and SLC34A3) highlights the putative role of regulators of vitamin D 1α- and 24-hydroxylases activities in pathophysiology.No significant variation have been identified in the proximal promoting regions of CYP27B1 and CYP24A1. We could not go further considering the lack of knowledge in regulating regions and factors in humans. Identifying distal regulators will allow to study their implication in rare diseases of vitamin D metabolism.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Orientador: Lilia F. R. de Souza Li / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T01:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrade_SimoneCaixetade_M.pdf: 1991149 bytes, checksum: 4c5b783ab7776886c12977300fbb6af7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O CASR pertence à família C dos receptores que se acoplam à proteína G e é ativado quando interage com o cálcio extracelular, sendo responsável pelo ajuste do ¿set point¿ do cálcio extracelular por meio da regulação da secreção de PTH e excreção de cálcio. Mutações no Receptor Sensor de Cálcio (CASR) estão associadas a FHH (Hipercalcemia Hipocalciúrica Familiar) e NSHTP (Hiperparatireoidismo Neonatal Grave) quando inativadoras do receptor e ADH (Hipoparatireoidismo Autossômico Dominante) quando ativadoras. O Hiperparatireoidismo Neonatal Grave (NSHPT) é uma doença rara caracterizada por calcemias elevadas, próximas às consideradas incompatíveis à vida, associada ao aumento da concentração de PTH, desmineralização óssea grave e sintomas neonatais como hipotonia e baixo ganho ponderal. Trata-se de uma doença familiar, com pais portadores de Hipercalcemia Hipocalciúrica Familiar (FHH), uma doença autossômica dominante, geralmente assintomática, com calcemias elevadas ou no limite superior da normalidade, associada a concentrações de PTH normais, porém não suprimidas e hipocalciúria. ADH, por sua vez, cursam com desregulação no ajuste da concentração de cálcio extracelular, onde baixas concentrações de cálcio ativam o receptor e inibem a secreção de PTH pelas paratireóides e aumentam a excreção de cálcio pelos rins. Indivíduos afetados apresentam hipocalcemia, PTH no limite inferior ou abaixo do normal, hiperfosfatemia e hipercalciúria. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar duas famílias portadoras de NSHPT e FHH, identificar novas mutações e analisar o grau de expressão dos receptores mutados. Identificamos três mutações pontuais, nas posições c.1913.G>T, c.2.T>G e c.2244.C>G. Na família S encontramos a mutação c.1913.G>T que resulta em mudança de aminoácido Arginina por Leucina na posição 638 e a mutação silenciosa c.2244.C>G que não altera o aminoácido Prolina da posição 748. Na família J encontramos a mutação c.2.T>G que resulta em mudança do primeiro aminoácido Metionina e em perda da seqüência Kozak (AXXATGG). Um programa de análise para a previsão de seqüências utilizadas para início da tradução protéica, indicou que, na presença da mutação, o ATG com maior probabilidade de ser utilizado como o novo sítio de início de tradução localiza-se no exon 3, na mesma matriz de leitura original. Para análise da expressão do receptor, com a mutação no códon inicial de transcrição do receptor (p.M1?), inserimos no cDNA do CASR um fragmento correspondente à região -226 a 66 do CASR, contendo cinco potenciais seqüências Kozak. Para o estudo da expressão dos receptores mutados da família S inserimos as mutações no cDNA do CASR através de mutagênese sítio dirigida. Analisamos a expressão dos receptores mutados através do Western Blot. O receptor mutado p.R638L apresentou uma expressão similar ao receptor nativo e foram visualizadas as formas monoméricas correspondentes às bandas de 140kDa (forma imatura, parcialmente glicosilada) e 160kDa (forma madura e glicosilada) e bandas superiores maiores que 220kDa. A mutação c.2244.C>G é silenciosa e apresentou expressão similar à do receptor nativo. Em contraste, a expressão do receptor mutado p.M1? através do Western blot estava consideravelmente reduzida. Nos experimentos de imunocitoquímica, observamos que o receptor nativo foi bem expresso na superfície celular tanto em células não permeabilizadas, quanto permeabilizadas. Padrão semelhante foi observado para o receptor mutado p.R638L, indicando maturação e processamento apropriado no retículo endoplasmático enquanto que o receptor com a mutação p.M1? não foi visualizado na superfície celular de células não permeabilizadas e só foi identificado no interior de células permeabilizadas, sugerindo que o receptor mutado era retido no retículo endoplasmático não conseguindo se expressar na membrana plasmática / Abstract: The CASR belongs to family C of the G protein coupled receptors and it is activated by the interaction with extracellular calcium, which is responsible for adjusting extracellular calcium set point adjusting PTH and calcium excretion. Calcium Sensing Receptor mutations are related to Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (FHH) and Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) when inactivating and to Autosomal Dominant Hypocalcemia (ADH) when activating. Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) is a rare disease characterized by hypercalcemia, calcium levels close to those incompatible with life, markedly elevated PTH levels, severe bone demineralization and neonatal symptoms as hypotonia and poor weight gain. Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia is a familial disease with Autosomal dominant inheritance, in which parents are usually affected, generally asymptomatic, mild ¿ to ¿ moderate hypercalcemia and normal PTH levels (but not suppressed) and hypocalciuria. In ADH, affected individuals¿ present hypocalcemia, PTH at the lower limit or normal range, hyperphosphatemia and hypercalciuria. The objective of this work was study of two families (S and J) with Neonatal Severe Hyperparathyroidism and Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia, search for new mutations and analyze the expression pattern of mutated receptors. Three new missense mutations were found: c.1913.G>T, c.2.T>G and c.2244.C>G. The mutation c.1913.G>T was identified at family S. and resulted in Arginine to Leucine change at codon 638. The silent mutation c.2244.C>G didn¿t change the amino acid Proline at codon 748. A novel mutation in exon 2, T to G transition at nucleotide 2, changing Metionine to Arginine was identified at family M. The mutation disrupts the original Kozak sequence (AXXATGG), altering the protein start site. Computational analysis using a program that predicts start sites showed that the putative new translation start site was in the exon 3 in frame. A portion of the gene containing the mutation and five cryptic Kozak sequences (-226 to 66) was used to analyze the expression of the mutant receptor (p.M1?). To analyze the expression pattern of Family S, the mutated cDNAs was inserted in a vector, using site direct mutagenesis. Western blot was performed to analyze the expression analysis of the mutated receptors. The p.R638L receptor showed similar expression pattern compared with the wild type receptor, presenting the monomeric forms of 140 (immature, partial glycosylated) and 160kDa (mature, glycosylated) and other forms higher than 200kDa. The mutation c.2244.C>G showed similar expression pattern compared with the wild type receptor. In contrast, Western blot expression levels of the mutant receptor p.M1? was dramatically reduced. Immunocytochemistry experiments showed strong staining at the cell surface of nonpermeabilized and permeabilized HEK293 cells expressing the wild type receptor. The same pattern was observed for the mutant receptor p.R638L, suggesting correct maturation and trafficking. While the mutant receptor p.M1? was not expressed on the cell surface and the staining was only identified inside permeabilized cells, suggesting that the mutant receptor was trapped within the endoplasmatic reticulum and was not expressed at the plasmatic membrane / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia