Familial primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare disorder that is treated surgically and mostly occurs in association with tumor-susceptibility syndromes, like multiple endocrine neoplasia and the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is another cause of hereditary hypercalcemia that generally is considered to require no treatment and is genetically and pathophysiologically distinct from HPT. Inactivating mutations in the calcium receptor gene cause FHH, whereas the down-regulated expression of the CaR in HPT never has been coupled to CaR gene mutations. Family screening revealed a hitherto unknown familial condition with characteristics of both FHH and HPT. The hypercalcemia was mapped to a point mutation in the intracellular domain of the CaR gene that was coupled to relative calcium resistance of the PTH release by transient expression in HEK 294 cells. Unusually radical excision of parathyroid glands was required to normalise the hypercalcemia. The mildly enlarged parathyroid glands displayed hyperplasia with nodular components. Frequent allelic loss on especially 12q was found and contrasts to findings in HPT. Allelic loss was also seen in loci typical for primary HPT like 1p, 6q and 15q, but not 11q13. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that the glands had mild increase in a proliferation index (PCNA/GAPDH mRNA ratio) and mild reduction in genes important to parathyroid cell function, like CaR, PTH, VDR and LRP2. A previously unrecognized variant of hypercalcemia is explored that could be one explanation for persistent hypercalcemia after apparently typical routine operations for HPT. It also raises the issue of possibilities to treat FHH with parathyroidectomy provided it is radical enough.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 176-216).

<p>Familial primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare disorder that is treated surgically and mostly occurs in association with tumor-susceptibility syndromes, like multiple endocrine neoplasia and the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is another cause of hereditary hypercalcemia that generally is considered to require no treatment and is genetically and pathophysiologically distinct from HPT. Inactivating mutations in the calcium receptor gene cause FHH, whereas the down-regulated expression of the CaR in HPT never has been coupled to CaR gene mutations. </p><p>Family screening revealed a hitherto unknown familial condition with characteristics of both FHH and HPT. The hypercalcemia was mapped to a point mutation in the intracellular domain of the CaR gene that was coupled to relative calcium resistance of the PTH release by transient expression in HEK 294 cells. Unusually radical excision of parathyroid glands was required to normalise the hypercalcemia. The mildly enlarged parathyroid glands displayed hyperplasia with nodular components. Frequent allelic loss on especially 12q was found and contrasts to findings in HPT. Allelic loss was also seen in loci typical for primary HPT like 1p, 6q and 15q, but not 11q13. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that the glands had mild increase in a proliferation index (PCNA/GAPDH mRNA ratio) and mild reduction in genes important to parathyroid cell function, like CaR, PTH, VDR and LRP2. </p><p>A previously unrecognized variant of hypercalcemia is explored that could be one explanation for persistent hypercalcemia after apparently typical routine operations for HPT. It also raises the issue of possibilities to treat FHH with parathyroidectomy provided it is radical enough.</p>

Familial primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare disorder that is treated surgically and mostly occurs in association with tumor-susceptibility syndromes, like multiple endocrine neoplasia and the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome. Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is another cause of hereditary hypercalcemia that generally is considered to require no treatment and is genetically and pathophysiologically distinct from HPT. Inactivating mutations in the calcium receptor gene cause FHH, whereas the down-regulated expression of the CaR in HPT never has been coupled to CaR gene mutations. Family screening revealed a hitherto unknown familial condition with characteristics of both FHH and HPT. The hypercalcemia was mapped to a point mutation in the intracellular domain of the CaR gene that was coupled to relative calcium resistance of the PTH release by transient expression in HEK 294 cells. Unusually radical excision of parathyroid glands was required to normalise the hypercalcemia. The mildly enlarged parathyroid glands displayed hyperplasia with nodular components. Frequent allelic loss on especially 12q was found and contrasts to findings in HPT. Allelic loss was also seen in loci typical for primary HPT like 1p, 6q and 15q, but not 11q13. Quantitative mRNA analysis showed that the glands had mild increase in a proliferation index (PCNA/GAPDH mRNA ratio) and mild reduction in genes important to parathyroid cell function, like CaR, PTH, VDR and LRP2. A previously unrecognized variant of hypercalcemia is explored that could be one explanation for persistent hypercalcemia after apparently typical routine operations for HPT. It also raises the issue of possibilities to treat FHH with parathyroidectomy provided it is radical enough.

Introduction Severe hypercalcemia from chronic gout is a rare phenomenon seen after the advent of newer drugs for its treatment. The hypercalcemia is secondary to either granuloma formation around the tophi or chronic immobilization from severe gouty arthritis. We present a patient with chronic tophaceous gout presenting with severe hypercalcemia and acute kidney injury. Case presentation A 63-year-old male patient with a past medical history of hypertension and chronic gout presented to the office with chronic, severe left knee pain. Initial evaluation of the knee with X-rays revealed destruction of the knee joint with cystic changes, and subsequent MRI with contrast showed soft tissue mass in the suprapatellar pouch with intraosseous extension and involvement of medial and lateral collateral ligament involvement. After interdisciplinary evaluation between radiology, orthopedic surgery, and oncology, this was concerning for highly aggressive pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee, and a decision was made for the patient to undergo complete knee replacement. Perioperative workup was significant for severe hypercalcemia with a total calcium level of 13.2 mg/dl with ionized calcium of 7.2 mg/dl. Further evaluation into the cause of hypercalcemia revealed a low normal intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) level with normal phosphorus, calcidiol, and calcitriol levels. Other etiologies of hypercalcemia such as multiple myeloma, malignancies, metastatic disease, autoimmune, granulomatous, and infectious processes are excluded with extensive workup. The hypercalcemia is treated with fluids, diuretics, and bisphosphonates, eventually normalizing the calcium levels. The patient underwent total left knee replacement, and the mass identified was sent for biopsy. Biopsy revealed a prominent granulomatous reaction to amorphous crystals containing birefringent crystals under polarised light. Uniquely during our evaluation, vitamin D metabolites, uric acid, and PTH levels were normal despite the biopsy findings. The patient's calcium continued to be normal (8.4 to 10.4 mg/dl) over six months after the surgery. Thus, the scenario is supportive of hypercalcemia secondary to granulomatous inflammation around the large tophi. Conclusion Although rare, the knee joint is a site of severe tophaceous gout, and deposition of uric acid crystals can invoke a granulomatous reaction presenting with severe hypercalcemia as in our patient. Unique to our case, the patient can have benign lab findings on evaluation of hypercalcemia. Only a few case reports are illustrated in the literature, making our case and patient presentation unique.

Background: Lithium is the most effective long-term treatment for bipolar disease. It has, however,been associated with hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the study is to research howlithium associated hyperparathyroidism(LHPT)affects bone mineral density. Method: A sub-analysis was performed on an ongoing randomized prospective study evaluating the operation results from parathyroidectomy versus watchful waiting in 22patients with LHPT. The patients were followed-up for 2 years and their blood samples, bone mineral density (BMD) and FRAX assessment were analysed. The data from LHPT patients was also compared to a separate group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) corresponding in age.Results: In comparing LHPT patients with PHPT apparent differences in the biochemical profile were detected, including elevated values of ionized Ca in PHPT (p=0.001), lower excretion of 24h urinary calcium in LHPT (p=0.003) and significantly higher values of PTH excretion in PHPT. LHPT showed tendencies to having better BMD (p=0.176). At 2-year follow-up of 8 LHPT patients, biochemicalvalues improved, suggesting cure, including lower risks of skeletal fractures. Discussion: The biochemical features in LHPT are distinctive from PHPT. However, each case is unique, and thebiochemicalvariety issimilar to PHPT. Confounding factors include age, sex, renal function and stability of the bipolar condition. Conclusions:The present study illustratesthat LHPT differs biochemically from PHPT. In comparison to PHPT, LHPT patients tend to have reduced BMD and the present study could not confirm the previous postulation that lithium could be protective of the skeleton. In conclusion, casesof LHPT should be assessed individually, since the clinical course is diverse. In patients risking fracture, parathyroidectomy should be considered.

Background: Lithium is the most effective long-term treatment for bipolar disease. It has, however,been associated with hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism. The aim of the study is to research howlithium associated hyperparathyroidism(LHPT)affects bone mineral density. Method: A sub-analysis was performed on an ongoing randomized prospective study evaluating the operation results from parathyroidectomy versus watchful waiting in 22patients with LHPT. The patients were followed-up for 2 years and their blood samples, bone mineral density (BMD) and FRAX assessment were analysed. The data from LHPT patients was also compared to a separate group of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) corresponding in age.Results: In comparing LHPT patients with PHPT apparent differences in the biochemical profile were detected, including elevated values of ionized Ca in PHPT (p=0.001), lower excretion of 24h urinary calcium in LHPT (p=0.003) and significantly higher values of PTH excretion in PHPT. LHPT showed tendencies to having better BMD (p=0.176). At 2-year follow-up of 8 LHPT patients, biochemicalvalues improved, suggesting cure, including lower risks of skeletal fractures. Discussion: The biochemical features in LHPT are distinctive from PHPT. However, each case is unique, and thebiochemicalvariety issimilar to PHPT. Confounding factors include age, sex, renal function and stability of the bipolar condition. Conclusions:The present study illustratesthat LHPT differs biochemically from PHPT. In comparison to PHPT, LHPT patients tend to have reduced BMD and the present study could not confirm the previous postulation that lithium could be protective of the skeleton. In conclusion, casesof LHPT should be assessed individually, since the clinical course is diverse. In patients risking fracture, parathyroidectomy should be considered.

No description available.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_isabel cristina_pereira.pdf: 914766 bytes, checksum: c37475e752545b7fee514cfc04ce4f2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-27 / The longevity of dogs has increased the number of neoplasm cases, and the breast neoplasm is one of the most frequent diagnosed in this species. The female dogs are important as a study population as they present similarities between the breast neoplasms developed in humans and canines, thus allowing the use of the compared pathology in an attempt to have a better understanding of the disease. Changes in calcium and magnesium levels may be related to the presence and occurrence of breast neoplasms, but there is no defined standardization of these changes. The study aimed to analyze epidemiological data in canine patients with breast neoplasms, determine levels of serum calcium and magnesium in dogs with breast neoplasms before and after excision, and associate variation of calcium and magnesium blood levels with the neoplasms malignity. The study had a sample of 53 females 53 female dogs with tumors in the mammary gland, from which we obtained data of descriptive characteristics of the sample, regarding the review of the animal, exposure to risk factors and tumor development, associated with the morphological characteristics and anatomical location. Excision of tumor masses was performed for histopathological analysis evaluating the surgical margin and classifying the patients according to the biological behavior and malignancy degree: high malignancy (HM), intermediate malignancy (IM), low malignancy (LM) and benign (B). In further study, there was a loss of 17 dogs in the study for the analysis of mineral levels the period of 180 days and analyzed 36 dogs with mammary neoplasms and 28 healthy dogs without breast tumors were studied as controls. Dogs were evaluated on day zero (before surgery) in regard to assessments of tumor mass, and on that date, surgery was carried out in order to send the tumoral part for anatomopathologic evaluation taking into account the classification in biological behavior. Serum calcium and magnesium dosage (absorbance spectrophotometry) was performed prior to the excision of tumors (on day zero) and at 60 and 180 days after surgery, and at the same time interval the serum levels of minerals in the control group were evaluated. Of the 53 dogs studied, 24 showed high malignant tumors, 12 intermediate malignant tumors, 13 low malignancy tumors and four benign tumors. The elderly patients were the most frequent ones in the malignancy group. There was no relationship between biological behavior when compared to: age range, size, breed, time of onset and development, previous ovariohysterectomy and the use of contraceptives. As for location, of the 171 breasts affected, the development of neoplasms of greater malignancy occurred in medial abdominal and inguinal mammary glands. It was demonstrated the relationship between margin involvement and development of pulmonary metastasis. The neoplasic mobility and consistency were identified as prognostic factors for dogs with mammary neoplasms, while the other variables studied were not related to prognosis, while the other studied variables were not related with the prognosis. Data concerning the 36 females suffering from canine mammary neoplasms, which were observed, 13 had tumors of high malignancy (HM), nine of intermediate malignancy (IM), 10 of low malignancy (LM) and four benign (B). The average of calcium levels in the control group was 10.07 mg / dl and magnesium of 2.04 mg / dl. Mean levels of calcium serum of patients in group LM and IM were respectively 8.63 mg / dl and 8.77 mg / dl, both differing statistically (p <0.001) from the control group. The patients in the HM group had a mean calcium of 12.00 mg / dl and differed significantly (p <0.001) from the mean levels obtained in the control group. Regarding the serum levels of magnesium, it was demonstrated statistical difference between the control group (2.04 mg / dl) and the LM groups (p <0.001), IM groups (p = 0.002) and HM groups (p <0.001), with averages of 57 mg / dl, 1.67 mg / dl and 2.56 mg / dl, respectively. Both in the serum levels of calcium and magnesium no statistical differences between control group and group L were shown. It was observed that in animals with mammary neoplasms, the blood values of the studied minerals differed between the first and last collection in the LM groups (p = 0.0125) and HM groups (p = 0,0,0087) in the levels of calcium and in the same LM groups (p = 0.0124) and MA (p = 0.0015) in the levels of magnesium. The results showed that neoplasm mobility and consistency were correlated with malignancy and worse prognosis of the patient, and a strong relationship between margin involvement and lung metastases. Also, dogs with tumors of low malignancy and intermediate malignancy have hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, as well as in the cases of malignant neoplasms there is high hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia, both going back to the physiological levels after six months of surgical excision / A longevidade dos cães tem aumentado a casuística de neoplasmas, sendo que o neoplasma mamário é um dos mais frequentes diagnosticados nesta espécie. As fêmeas caninas são importantes como população de estudo das neoplasias uma vez que existem similaridades entre os neoplasmas mamários desenvolvidos em humanos e caninos, possibilitando desta forma o uso da patologia comparada, buscando maior entendimento da doença. Alterações nos níveis de cálcio e magnésio podem estar relacionadas a presença e ocorrência de neoplasmas mamários, porém não existe uma padronização definida dessas alterações. O trabalho teve como objetivos analisar dados epidemiológicos em pacientes caninos com neoplasmas mamários e determinar níveis de cálcio e magnésio séricos e após exérese; e associar variação de níveis sanguíneos de cálcio e magnésio com a malignidade dos neoplasmas. O estudo teve uma amostra de 53 fêmeas caninas com tumoração em glândula mamária, das quais foram obtidos dados de características descritivas da amostra referentes a resenha do animal, exposição a fatores de risco e do desenvolvimento tumoral, associado as características morfológicas e localização anatômica. Foi realizada exérese das massas tumorais para análise histopatológica avaliando margem cirúrgica e classificando os pacientes segundo comportamento biológico e diferentes graus de malignidade: alta malignidade (AM), malignidade intermediária (MI), baixa malignidade (BM) e benignos (B). Na continuação do estudo, houve uma perda de 17 cães para o estudo de análise de níveis de minerais no período de 180 dias, sendo estudadas 36 fêmeas com neoplasmas mamários e 28 cães saudáveis sem tumores mamários, como controles. Os cães foram avaliados no dia zero (prévio à cirurgia) em relação à massa tumoral e nessa data foi realizada exérese para encaminhamento de peça tumoral para avaliação anatomopatológica e classificados segundo comportamento biológico. A dosagem sérica de cálcio e magnésio (espectrofotometria de absorbância), foi realizada prévia à exérese dos tumores (no dia zero) e aos 60 e 180 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico, no mesmo intervalo de tempo foram avaliadas as dosagens séricas dos minerais no grupo controle. Das 53 cadelas estudadas, 24 apresentavam tumores de alta malignidade, 12 de malignidade intermediária, 13 de baixa malignidade e quatro eram benignos. Os pacientes idosos foram frequentes no grupo de maior malignidade. Não houve relação entre comportamento biológico quando comparado com: faixa de idade, porte, raça, tempo de aparecimento e desenvolvimento ovariohisterectomia prévia e uso de contraceptivos. Quanto a localização, das 171 mamas acometidadas, o desenvolvimento de neoplasma de maior malignidade ocorreu em mamas inguinais e abdominais mediais. Foi demonstrado relação entre comprometimento de margem e desenvolvimento de metástase pulmonar. A mobilidade e consistência neoplásica foram identificados como fatores prognósticos para cães com neoplasma mamário, enquanto as outras variáveis estudadas não foram relacionadas com o prognóstico. Dados referentes às 36 fêmeas caninas portadoras de neoplasmas mamários, que foram acompanhadas, 13 apresentaram tumores de alta malignidade (AM), nove de malignidade intermediária (MI), 10 de baixa malignidade (BM) e quatro benignos (B). A média dos níveis de Cálcio do grupo controle foi de 10,07mg/dl e do magnésio de 2,04mg/dl. Os níveis médios de cálcio sérico dos pacientes do grupo BM e MI foi respectivamente 8,63mg/dl e 8,77mg/dl, ambos diferindo estatisticamente (p< 0,001) do grupo controle. Os pacientes do grupo de AM apresentaram média de cálcio de 12,00mg/dl e diferiram significantemente (p< 0,001) dos níveis médios obtidos no grupo controle. Em relação aos níveis séricos de magnésio foi demonstrado diferença estatística entre o grupo controle (2,04mg/dl) e os grupos BM (p< 0,001), MI (p=0,002) e AM (p< 0,001), com médias de 1,57 mg/dl, 1,67mg/dl e 2,56mg/dl respectivamente. Tanto nos níveis séricos de cálcio quanto de magnésio não foram demonstradas diferenças estatísticas entre o grupo controle e o grupo B. Foi observado que, nos animais com neoplasmas mamários, os valores sanguíneos dos minerais estudados diferiram entre a primeira e última coleta nos grupos BM (p=0,0125) e AM (p=0,0,0087) quanto aos níveis de cálcio e nos mesmos grupos BM (p=0,0124) e AM (p=0,0015) quanto aos níveis de magnésio. Os resultados permitiram concluir que mobilidade e consistência do neoplasma, foram relacionadas com malignidade e pior prognóstico do paciente além de uma forte relação entre comprometimento de margem e metástase pulmonar. Ainda, cães portadores de neoplasias de baixa malignidade e malignidade intermediária apresentam hipocalcemia e hipomagnesemia, assim como nos casos de neoplasmas de alta malignidade ocorre hipercalcemia e hipermagnesemia, ambos retornando aos níveis fisiológicos após seis meses da exérese cirúrgica.