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While the relationship between elevated total serum cholesterol levels and the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) has been evident for a number of years, relatively few studies attempting to attain reductions in total serum cholesterol have utilized specific behavioral protocols. This study was conducted with 16 middle aged men (mean age = 46.4 years) with elevated total serum cholesterol (TSC) levels (x = 233 mg/dl). Multiple measures of TSC were taken. After an extended baseline phase, participants were randomly assigned to treatment conditions. One group ("Simple") received a cholesterol reduction class only (designed to stress the National Cholesterol Education Program's (NCEP) Step One Diet) and the other group ("Intensive’) received the cholesterol reduction class in addition to weekly cholesterol feedback, specific dietary feedback (shown graphically) and individually tailored goals. Dietary information was collected by individual food diaries. The results indicated that both groups reduced their TSC level (9.60% Intensive and 5.52% Simple) with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Both groups made changes in their diet yet, neither group completely met the guidelines set by the NCEP. However, there was some evidence for greater dietary adherence to the Step One diet and reaching risk (categorization) reduction goals for men in the intensive condition. Additional research has shown more intensive interventions led to substantially greater reductions (14%-16%) in TSC and dietary change. These results and prior research suggest that modest reductions in TSC can be achieved by less intensive programs that follow and/or slightly enhance the NCEP program, but that greater reductions in TSC (and reductions in CHD risk) may require programs with more intensive procedures. / Master of Science

The effectiveness of biweekly feedback regarding blood total cholesterol (TCH) to assist dietary adherence and lower blood TCH levels was assessed in a mixed population of healthy and cardiac diseased subjects (S) engaging in an unsupervised mall walking program. Based upon screening with a portable lipid analyzer (and with their physician's permission) 36 S’s (x age=63, 83% females) with TCH levels between 200-300 mg/dl were randomized to control (CG) or experimental groups (EG). The CG received instruction regarding the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step 1 low-fat, low-cholesterol diet at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks and completed 3-day food records at 0, 4, 8 weeks. In addition to this instruction, the EG received graphic feedback regarding their TCH at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Both groups had a goal of a 10% reduction in TCH. By 8 weeks, the CG increased TCH by 2.2 mg/dl (1%) from 240.2 ± 24.8 to 242.4 ± 40.0 mg/dl while the EG decreased TCH by 11.8 mg/dl (5%) from 239.9 ± 22.6 to 228.1 ± 26.8 mg/dl. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a trend toward a lowering of TCH in the EG (time*group) [FC1,34)=3.39, p=.07]. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA for TCH within the EG between 0 and 8 weeks was significant [F(4,64)=3.14, p=.02]. Goal attainment was statistically greater in the experimental group [z=2.12: p=.0017]). Food record two-way ANOVAS revealed no significant differences between groups over time on dietary intake of fats or dietary cholesterol. Using one-way ANOVAs the experimental group demonstrated a significant pattern of initial decreases from food record 1 to food record 2 which Was maintained at food record 3. A recently reported study conducted in a structured cardiovascular exercise program (Burkett, Southard, Herbert, & Walberg, 1990) showed statistical significance over a 16 week trial period using this feedback technique. The results of the present study suggest that the findings of Burkett, et al. may be generalizable to populations participating in an unsupervised mall walking program. / Master of Science

目的：針對心血管初級預防，世界各國均推薦某一年齡段人群全部測量膽固醇以估算心血管病發病風險。此舉耗費高且非必須，本研究旨在建立並驗證一個新型的选择性膽固醇篩查模型，用以篩查需藥物治療之高危人群，并在成本效益方面與其它篩查模型相比較。 / 方法：本模型具體采用兩步法：首先利用一個足夠高的假設膽固醇值代入心血管病風險預測方程，用以系統性的高估絶大多數人的心血管病風險；其次只有假設心血管病風險高於推薦治療閾值時，該個體才需要測量膽固醇，並進行實際心血管病風險分析。 / 英国健康调查和中国营养与健康调查是本次研究的合适数据。我們首先探索最優的假設膽固醇值，尋找到最後膽固醇值之後，我們將繼續測試我們的新型膽固醇篩查模型，在不同的治療閾值下，表現是否穩定。我們以靈敏度，特異度和徐篩查人群為指標，比較我們模型與全民篩查模型和英國NICE 選擇篩查模型相比較。之後我們估算在中英人群中應用該篩查模型，所需耗費的成本和可預防心血管事件數。 / 结果：與全名篩查模型相比，我們的模型靈敏度相若但可以節省80%左右的篩查費用。模型的靈敏度主要取決於所採用的假設膽固醇值，與所用風險預測方程，治療閾值和人群心血管風險分佈無關。當以均數加2 倍標準差作為假設膽固醇值時，靈敏度可達到97.5%左右，特異度可以達到90%左右，符合預期。模型應用於中國人群得到的結果類似。值得註意的是，在中國人群中，即使不測量膽固醇，模型靈敏度亦接近95%。此外，將膽固醇篩查項目限制于男性50-84歲，女性60-84 歲年齡段可以進一步減少篩檢費用。在人群影響方面，我們模型可預防心血管事件數比全名篩查模型略少，但成本大大降低。英國NICE 模型適用於某些特定情況，但並非全部。 / 結論：我們的新型篩查模型靈敏度與全民篩查模型相若，但可以節省大量篩查費用。在资源匮乏地区，可考虑在某一特定年龄段运用我们的模型已达到进一步减少费用的效果。如果本研究结果得到进一步数据证实，對於中國人群而言，膽固醇測量可能並非心血管風險評估所必須。 / Objectives / Since the mid 1990s, most guidelines on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) have recommended regular cholesterol measurement for all adults or those above a certain age (which is known as mass screening). Cholesterol measurement comprises a large cost of CVD prevention and is not necessarily required in those who do not need drug intervention. In order to reduce this cost, we have developed a new selective cholesterol screening model in order to determine whose cholesterol should be measured for drug prevention. The model was evaluated and compared with other widely adopted models in basic model performance as well as cost effectiveness. / Methods / The new model has two steps. In the first step, we purposely over-estimated the majority of respondents’ CVD risk by substituting a sufficiently high hypothetical cholesterol value in the risk estimation. We then recommend cholesterol measurement only to those with the estimated CVD risk above a predetermined risk threshold for drug treatment. In the second step, the CVD risk is re-estimated based on the individual’s real cholesterol consentration. Those with a risk above the treatment threshold are recommended for drug treatment. / We evaluated the performance of our two-step model with data from the Health Survey for England and re-evaluated it with data from the China Nutrition and Health Survey 2002. By varying the hypothetical cholesterol values and treatment thresholds in CVD risk, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity and proportion of the population who need to measure cholesterol and compared it with the US mass screening model and the UK NICE selective screening model. We further compared the costs and CVD events avoided in the compared screening programmes. We also examined how the age restriction should be set in cholesterol screening programmes. / Results / As compared to mass screening, our new model can achieve a high sensitivity and save some 80% the cost of cholesterol measurements. The sensitivity depends mainly on the hypothetical cholesterol level used and seems independent of population’s CVD risk, treatment cut-off values and risk prediction model. The model performed well in almost all the conditions tested. When the hypothetical cholesterol was set at MEAN+2SD, the resulting sensitivity of our selective screening model was almost always above 95% and close to the expected 97.5%. The sensitivity was only compromised slightly if cholesterol is not measured at all for the Chinese population. Furthermore, in order to save more costs, cholesterol measurement could be better restricted to men aged 50-84 and women 60-84 years regardless of the screening model used. In CVD events prevented, mass screening is always the best but our model can prevent almost as many. In costs, mass screening is always the most expensive but our model can save all or most of the cost. The NICE selective model can perform as well as our model only when it is used in an appropriate manner and in certain circumstances. / Conclusion / Our new cholesterol screening model has a high sensitivity which is comparable to that of universal screening programs but can save most of the cost on cholesterol measurements. In where resources are particular sparse, our model can also perform well by applying it only to certain age groups, which will further save cholesterol measurement costs. Cholesterol measurement could even be completely avoided for the Chinese population if our findings can be re-confirmed correct with more updated data. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Hu, Xuefeng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-121). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract (in English) --- p.i / Abstract (in Chinese) --- p.iv / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Abbreviations used in the thesis --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.xvi / List of Figures --- p.xviii / List of Boxes --- p.xix / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- The burden of cardiovascular disease --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Primary prevention of CVD --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- The high-risk individual strategy for CVD primary prevention --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- The high risk individual strategy is effective --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- The high risk individual strategy is cost-effective --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Who should be treated with drugs? --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- The single risk factor strategy --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- The overall CVD risk strategy --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Scope of CVD primary prevention --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methods for assessing the CVD risk --- p.9 / Chapter 1.6 --- Current strategies for cholesterol measurements --- p.10 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- United States National Cholesterol Education Program --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- American Heart Association CVD and Stroke prevention guideline --- p.14 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guideline --- p.15 / Chapter 1.6.4 --- New Zealand guideline 2003 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6.5 --- Australian guideline 2009 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.6 --- The Joint British Society guideline-2 --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6.7 --- UK Department of Health guideline on vascular check --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.8 --- China Blood Lipid Modification Guideline 2007 --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.9 --- Summary of the reviewed guidelines --- p.19 / Chapter 1.7 --- Rationale for a selective screening model --- p.20 / Chapter 1.8 --- The UK NICE model --- p.22 / Chapter 1.9 --- Objectives of this study --- p.24 / Chapter 2 --- Methods --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- The new cholesterol screening model --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Framework for evaluating the new screening model --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- Indexes for evaluating the basic performance of screening models --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Sensitivity, specificity and % need cholesterol measurement --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Sensitivity analysis for model performance --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Using different hypothetical cholesterol values --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Using different treatment cut-off thresholds --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Using different populations --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Using different risk equations --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Data --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- The Health Survey for England --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Background and aim of the survey --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Survey design --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1.2.1 --- Sampling Frame --- p.32 / Chapter 2.4.1.2.2 --- Weighting variables --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Data collection --- p.33 / Chapter 2.4.1.3.1 --- Blood cholesterol --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1.3.2 --- Blood pressure --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1.3.3 --- Smoking --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1.3.4 --- History of CVD and diabetes --- p.34 / Chapter 2.4.1.3.5 --- Treatment history --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- The 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Survey design --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Data collection --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2.2.1 --- Blood pressure --- p.36 / Chapter 2.4.2.2.2 --- Blood cholesterol --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2.2.3 --- Smoking --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2.2.4 --- History of CVD, diabetes and drug treatment --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Subjects eligible for analysis in this study --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5 --- CVD risk prediction --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- The Framingham risk equation for the UK population --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- The Asian equation for the Chinese population --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Adjusting for cholesterol and blood pressure --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Deriving the hypothetical cholesterol --- p.46 / Chapter 2.6 --- Identifying the appropriate age ranges for cholesterol measurement --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7 --- Comparing various screening models and options --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Compared screening models and options --- p.47 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Indices for the performance of the screening options --- p.49 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Costs of different screening options --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.2.1 --- Components of screening cost from societal perspective --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.2.1.1 --- Cost for inviting people for data collection --- p.50 / Chapter 2.7.2.1.2 --- Cost for the full risk assessment --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7.2.1.3 --- Treatment cost --- p.51 / Chapter 2.7.2.1.4 --- Cost saved for avoided CVD events --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7.2.2 --- Components of screening cost from health system’s perspective --- p.52 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- Number of CVD events avoidable --- p.53 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Descriptive analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- Cross-tabulation analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Survey data analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- Description of data --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The UK population --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1.1 --- Sumamry of CVD risk and risk factors --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- Distribution of age --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Distribution of blood pressure and blood cholesterol --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.1.4 --- Distribution of the predicted 10-year CVD risk --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.1.5 --- Relation between the risk threshold and age --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Chinese population --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Summary of CVD risk and risk factors --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Distribution of age --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Distribution of blood pressure and blood cholesterol --- p.66 / Chapter 3.1.2.4 --- Distribution of the predicted 10-year CVD risk --- p.69 / Chapter 3.1.2.5 --- Relation between the risk threshold and age --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2 --- Performance of our new screening model --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Performance according to cholesterol values in the UK population --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Performance according to treatment cut-offs in the UK population --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Performance according to cholesterol values in the Chinese population --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Performance according to the risk cut-offs in the Chinese population --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Performance using different risk equations --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3 --- Comparison with other existing screening models --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Performance of the 3 models within an age-restricted UK population --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Performance of the 3 models within an age-restricted Chinese population --- p.81 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Performance of the 3 models in the entire UK population --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Performance of the 3 models in the entire Chinese population --- p.84 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Costs of various screening options --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Number of CVD events avoidable of the screening programmes --- p.92 / Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Performance at different hypothetical cholesterol values --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Performance at various treatment cut-off thresholds --- p.97 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Performance with different risk equations --- p.98 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Performance in different populations --- p.99 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Performance with different survival functions --- p.99 / Chapter 4.2 --- Further modifications of the model --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- A model without any cholesterol measurement --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Age restriction for selective models --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Our model with potential personalized treatment cut-off --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Three key things to ensure model performance in other population --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3 --- CVD events preventable --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Importance of age restriction --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Limitations of the NICE model --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- Costs of different screening models --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Cost from different perspectives --- p.107 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Cholesterol measurement cost and routine data collection --- p.108 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Cost components --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Ways to reduce cholesterol measurement costs --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Costs and gain of the missing 2.5% high risk individuals --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5 --- Strengths and limitations of this study --- p.110 / Chapter 4.6 --- Recommendations --- p.113 / References --- p.114

This study looked at how cholesterol levels of students, ages 11-15, who participated in the NSLP and the SBP would be affected compared with those students who only participated in the NSLP. Fasting blood samples (lOmL) were analyzed from 15 students who ate lunch only (L) and 15 students who ate both breakfast and lunch (BL) from the Driver Middle School food service at least 3 times a week. Blood was analyzed for changes in total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and Triglycerides from baseline to 4 months. Results showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol and LDL, and a significant increase in triglycerides from baseline to 4 months in both the L group and the BL group. This may be attributable to hormone levels during sexual maturation in prepubescent and pubescent students. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

A total of 146 Chinese patients with various degrees of hyperlipidaemia and high cardiovascular risk, suitable for treatment with rosuvastatin 10 mg daily and in whom it was possible to obtain baseline lipid profiles measured on no lipid lowering drug, were enrolled in to the study. The drug compliance was assessed by personal interview and 9 patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis because they stated their compliance was less than 80%. From the remaining 137 subjects, 62 had a clinical diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Data for dietary intake were available in 121 of the 137 subjects. The average reduction in LDL-cholesterol in these subjects was 48.8 +/- 12.8% and as anticipated there was a wide range between individuals. The percentage reductions in LDL-cholesterol were significantly greater in the female than in the male subjects (-51.35 +/-10.89% vs. -46.38 +/-13.96%; p = 0.025), but this was no longer significant after adjustment for body weight. In patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia the absolute reductions in total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly greater (p<0.001) than in those without familial hypercholesterolaemia, but the percentage reductions were not significantly different in the two groups. The increases in HDL-cholesterol and the decreases in triglycerides were significantly greater in the subjects with familial hypercholesterolaemia than in those without familial hypercholesterolaemia, both for the absolute changes and for the percentage changes. There were no significant effects on the percentage changes in lipids with rosuvastatin treatment due to age, measurements of body fatness, smoking or alcohol drinking status, or having hypertension or diabetes. / Polymorphisms in the CYP2D6 gene were analyzed and the subjects were divided into 4 groups as wild-type or extensive metabolisers, heterozygotes for CYP2D6*10 and wild-type, homozygotes for CYP2D6*10, and subjects with one allele for poor metaboliser status. The groups in this order would be expected to have decreasing activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme. There was a tendency for greater reduction in LDL-cholesterol in groups with lower CYP2D6 activity, most obvious in male subjects and this was significant in the patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia comparing the first 3 groups. The fourth group had a low number of subjects, which may have biased that result. In the subjects without familial hypercholesterolaemia, the % change in LDL-cholesterol was similar in all genotype groups, but the % reduction in triglycerides was numerically higher in the wild-type group than in groups with CYP2D6*10 alleles and the group with poor metaboliser status showed a lower % reduction. These differences were not significant and may be influenced by the baseline levels of triglycerides, which were not corrected for in this analysis. / The daily calorie intake and percentage of different macronutrient intake was obtained by using seven days food recall records. Dietary intake of most nutrients with higher in male than in female patients and was higher in the patients compared to gender-matched population data. Higher intake of most nutrients was associated with higher baseline triglyceride levels, but not LDL-cholesterol levels in all patients, and in lower HDL-cholesterol levels in the patients without familial hypercholesterolaemia. Higher intake of total calories was associated with less percentage reduction in LDL-cholesterol with rosuvastatin in the patients without familial hypercholesterolaemia and a similar non-significant tendency was seen with higher intake of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. / The study described in this thesis examined the role of the CYP2D6*10 polymorphism on the lipid response to rosuvastatin in addition to a number of phenotypic factors such as diet, gender, measures of obesity and other medical conditions. / These findings suggest that the CYP2D6 genotype may have some influence on the lipid response to rosuvastatin, but it appears to interact with other factors including, gender, diet and the presence of familial hypercholesterolaemia. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) / Lui, Siu Hung. / "February 2007." / Adviser: Brian Tomlinson. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-01, Section: B, page: 0248. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-190). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

No description available.

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease affects a greater proportion of females than it does males, and is responsible for an estimated 52 percent of female deaths per annum, globally. Due to the loss of oestrogen associated with the menopause, post-menopausal females are at elevated risk for hypercholesterolaemia which is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It has not yet been conclusively established whether resistance training can be used to ameliorate hypercholesterolaemia. Aim: This randomized controlled trial investigated what effect 12 weeks of progressive resistance training would have on plasma lipoproteins in a sample of post-menopausal females. Methods: Caucasian women (n=30 intervention and n=18 control) between the ages of 55 and 65 years who were not taking hormone replacement therapy were recruited. Participants did not smoke, were sedentary, were not taking any form of cholesterol-lowering medication, had at least one cholesterol abnormality at baseline but were otherwise healthy and able to participate in a strength training programme. Following extensive medical pre-screening, information dissemination and voluntary consent, the sample was divided into two groups. The exercise sample undertook 12 weeks of resistance training on five days of the week. The control group received no intervention. Measurements were obtained at baseline and every four weeks thereafter and included measures of strength, biochemistry (oestradiol, testosterone, full blood lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin and sex hormone binding globulin), anthropometry, morphology and self-reports (dietary intake, energy expenditure and the profile of mood states questionnaire). Results: There was no change to low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride content or total cholesterol as a result of the intervention. Back, chest and leg strength increased significantly (p<0.01) (increases of 51 percent, 35 percent and 43 percent respectively from baseline); waist circumference dropped (p<0.01) by 5 percent overall and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly (-9 percent, p<0.01) in the exercise cohort but no change was noted in the matched control. Dietary intake, energy expenditure and body mass remained unchanged in both samples. Morphology (sum of skinfolds, estimated body fat content and girth measures) did not change and nor did other biochemical measures (HbA1c and sex hormone binding globulin) or hormone levels (oestradiol and testosterone). Despite the lack of overall change, an important finding was noted in individual results where a clear indication of ‘responders’ and ‘non-responders’ emerged. Conclusion: Overall mean results suggest that 12 weeks resistance training undertaken five days of the week was ineffective in reducing hypercholesterolaemia in this sample. Despite there being no identifying characteristics determined in this sample, evidence of responders and non-responders to the intervention indicates that reliance on mean data may not be sufficient when analysing data from exercise interventions. Therefore, while progressive resistance training had a positive effect on strength, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure, it did not positively influence the plasma lipoproteins in this cohort of post-menopausal women. / Maiden name: Kelly, Janet Erica