Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Daniel Silva Goulart.pdf: 1005845 bytes, checksum: 66a59436f38bdb12852e5089e10e7187 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-04 / Copper sulfate and sodium hypochlorite are used in the preparation of cattle footbath solutions, aimed at treating and preventing digital diseases, but little is known about the residues that these substances leave in animal products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, on soil and milk, residues left by chemicals used in cattle foot bath. The study was developed in two stages. In the first stage, the residual of chlorine and copper in the milk of healthy cows after successive passages in footbath solutions containing these substances was analyzed and the costs of the solutions were estimated. The presence of copper residues was evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry and chlorine residues were evaluated by dosing total chloride in milk using a commercial kit. In the experiment, 14 healthy cows were divided into two groups (GI and GII) of seven animals each. In GI a solution of sodium hypochlorite 1% was used and in GII copper sulphate 5% was used. The milk samples were collected before the passage through the footbath (M0) after 24 (M1), 48 (M2) and 72 hours (M3) and 15 days (M15), following the last passage. Statistical analysis comparing the moments of each sample and the substances evaluated was performed using Friedman test followed by Dunn's test (p <0.05). It was concluded that the values of total chloride and copper in the milk of healthy cattle, after daily passage in footbath for a period of seven days, showed some variations considered insufficient to cause harm to human health and the solutions did not show exorbitant costs. In the second stage, copper residues were evaluated in soil treated with a mixture of cattle feces and urine, simulating cattle liquid manure, containing or not copper sulfate solution. Initially samples were collected from soil in pastures of EVZ / UFG, which were placed in PVC columns divided into four layers. The columns were divided into three treatments (CI, CII and CIII). The CI treatment received only cattle liquid manure and the CII and CIII treatments received the same material added of different amounts of copper sulfate solution. During 120 days, rain was simulated on the PVC columns. In the statistical analysis, analysis of variance followed by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability were used. It was observed that copper levels were significantly higher in CIII treatment than in CI and CII. The same is true regarding the treatments CII for CI. In treatments CII and CIII copper levels were significantly higher in the superficial layer of soil throughout the experimental period. It was concluded that copper residues available to plants in soil treated with a mixture containing bovine feces and urine associated with copper sulfate solution and water are higher in the upper layers of the soil showing no significant changes in the deeper layers after consecutive rains. / Apesar do hipoclorito de sódio e o sulfato de cobre serem compostos químicos utilizados na preparação de soluções empregadas em pedilúvio para bovinos, visando o tratamento e prevenção de enfermidades digitais, são escassas as informações técnicas com relação à produção de resíduos por estas substâncias nos produtos de origem animal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi detectar, no leite e solo, os resíduos de produtos químicos empregados em pedilúvio para bovinos, desenvolvendo o trabalho em duas etapas. Na primeira estudou-se o resíduo de cloro e cobre no leite de vacas saudáveis após passagens sucessivas em pedilúvio contendo soluções formuladas com estas substâncias e estimou-se os custos das soluções. A presença de resíduos de cobre foi avaliada empregando espectrofotometria de absorção atômica e a de cloro por meio de dosagem de cloretos totais no leite empregando kit comercial. No experimento, utilizou-se 14 vacas saudáveis distribuídas em dois grupos (GI e GII) de sete animais cada. Em GI empregou-se solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1% e em GII sulfato de cobre a 5%. As amostras de leite foram colhidas antes da passagem pelo pedilúvio (M0), após 24 (M1), 48 (M2) e 72 (M3) horas e 15 dias (M15), subsequentes a última passagem. Na análise estatística a comparação entre momentos de cada amostra das substâncias avaliadas foi realizada empregando o teste de Friedman, seguido pelo teste de Dunn s (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que os valores de cloretos totais e de cobre no leite de bovinos saudáveis, após passagens diárias dos animais em pedilúvio por um período de sete dias, apresentaram algumas variações consideradas insuficientes para provocarem danos à saúde humana e as soluções medicamentosas não apresentaram custos exorbitantes. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se os resíduos de cobre em solo tratado com uma mistura de fezes e urina bovinas, simulando efluentes de esterqueira usada na bovinocultura, contendo ou não solução de sulfato de cobre. Inicialmente foram colhidas amostras de solo nas pastagens da EVZ/UFG, que foram acondicionadas em colunas de PVC subdivididas em quatro camadas. As colunas foram divididas em três tratamentos (CI, CII e CIII). O tratamento CI recebeu somente dejetos líquidos de bovinos e os tratamentos CII e CIII receberam este mesmo material adicionado de diferentes quantidades de solução de sulfato de cobre. Durante 120 dias foram simuladas chuvas sobre as colunas de PVC. Na análise estatística empregou-se a análise de variância seguida pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que no tratamento CIII os níveis de cobre foram significativamente maior que em CI e CII. O mesmo ocorre em relação ao tratamento CII ao CI. Nos tratamentos CII e CIII observou-se que os níveis de cobre foram significativamente maiores na camada mais superficial do solo durante todo o período experimental. Conclui-se que os resíduos de cobre disponíveis para as plantas, em solo tratado com uma mistura contendo fezes e urina bovina associadas à solução de sulfato de cobre e água são maiores nas camadas mais superficiais do solo, não apresentaram alterações expressivas nas camadas mais profundas após chuvas consecutivas.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This in-vitro, prospective, randomized study microscopically compared the debridement efficacy of passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) using the Ultrasonic Bypass System and different irrigating protocols. Eighty extracted maxillary anterior teeth were randomly assigned to four groups. Teeth were instrumented using EndoSequence rotary instrument system and treated with passive ultrasonic irrigation with different irrigating regimens for one minute. Group one (control) was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation. Group two was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 6.0-percent NaOCl. Group three was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 17-percent EDTA. Group four was treated with hand/rotary instrumentation followed by a one-minute PUI using the Ultrasonic Bypass System with 30 seconds of 6.0-percent NaOCl and 30 seconds of 17-percent EDTA. Teeth were sectioned longitudinally and each half was divided into three equal parts from the anatomic apex. The half with the most visible part of the apex was used for SEM evaluation. A scoring system for debris and smear layer removal was used. Statistical analysis was performed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, which determines if there are any differences among the four groups. Following this test, a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare each pair of groups. The addition of a one-minute PUI with the Ultrasonic Bypass System significantly enhanced the removal of smear layer when compared with the hand/rotary instrumentation with conventional irrigating solutions. The Ultrasonic Bypass System when used with the combination of 6.0-percent NaOCl and 17-percent EDTA after hand/rotary instrumentation significantly removed smear layer at the coronal, middle, and apical areas of a tooth when compared with all other groups. A one-minute PUI with the Ultrasonic Bypass System combined with NaOCl and EDTA is significantly better in smear removal and ultimately will result cleaner canal wall.