Bakgrund: Immobilisering är en vedertagen omvårdnadsåtgärd inom dagens prehospitala traumavård, detta trots att det inte finns några randomiserade kontrollerade studier angående åtgärden. Många studier har dock visat att riskerna med immobilisering är många varför det är viktigt att undersöka omvårdnadshandlingen närmare. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomsten av radiologiskt fastställda spinala skador hos patienter som immobiliserats prehospitalt efter trauman, samt på vilka indikationer denna immobilisering gjordes. Metod: En kvantitativ retrospektiv studie där 288 journaler granskades i ambulansens journalsystem MobiMed 3.0 och i sjukhusets journalsystem Cosmic. Därefter analyserades resultaten i SPSS deskriptivt och grafiskt, med chi2-test samt med oberoende t-test. Resultat: Resultatet visade att av de 246 patienter som genomgått en radiologisk undersökning fanns en konstaterad spinal skada hos 48 patienter, vilket motsvarade cirka 17 %. Alla inkluderade patienter hade varit utsatta för trubbigt våld och den vanligaste indikationen för immobilisering var smärta/ömhet över kotpelaren. Medelåldern hos patienterna med spinala skador var signifikant högre än medelåldern hos de utan spinala skador och en signifikant skillnad fanns mellan patienterna med spinal skada och utan spinal skada och samtidig smärta/ömhet över kotpelaren. Slutsats: Ett större antal patienter uppvisade skador i denna studie jämfört med tidigare studier, hos den stora majoriteten fanns dock inga spinala skador. Detta innebär att patienterna utsätts för en potentiellt onödig omvårdnadsåtgärd som är svagt vetenskapligt underbyggd och medför ett flertal risker. Fler studier inom området behövs för att kunna minska patienters potentiella lidande i och med att immobiliseras prehospitalt. / Background: Spinal immobilization is an established practice in today’s prehospital trauma care. This even though there is a lack of randomized controlled studies regarding this practice. Many studies points to the risks regarding spinal immobilization why it is of importance to further examine the practice. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of radiologically confirmed spinal injuries in patients immobilized after prehospital trauma and on what indications this immobilization was done Method: A quantitative retrospective study of 288 medical records acquired from the ambulance medical record system Mobimed 3.0 and the hospital's medical record Cosmic were examined. The results were analyzed in SPSS descriptive and graphic, with chi2-test and independent t-test. Result: The results show that of the 246 patients who underwent a radiological examination, 46 had a spinal injury, approximately 17 %. All of the included patients had been exposed to blunt trauma and the most common indication for immobilization was pain/tenderness over the spine. The mean age of the patients with spinal injuries was significantly higher than the mean age of those without spinal injuries. A significant difference was also found between patients with pain/tenderness over the spine and spinal injury and those without spinal injury. Conclusion: A greater number of patients had a spinal injury in this study compared with previous studies, although the majority of the patients had no spinal injury. This means that the majority of the patients were exposed to a potentially unnecessary procedure that lacks scientifically evidence. More studies about immobilization are required to reduce the patients' potential suffering in connection with prehospital immobilization.

Two laboratory incubation studies and a growth room bioassay of forage barley were conducted to investigate nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) mineralization, and nitrous oxide emission from two contrasting agricultural soils amended with anaerobically digested cattle manure (ADM). The ADM is a nutrient-rich co-product from manure-based biogas plants which is applied to cropland at rates used for raw manure since scientific information on nutrient release from ADM is lacking. Application of the separated solids fraction of ADM (SS) reduced nitrous oxide emission but resulted in lower N mineralization compared to raw manure in both soils. Raw manure- and SS- treatments had similar biomass yields and P supply capacities while the application of pelletized SS (PSS) caused net N immobilization, lower P release than manure and SS, and depressed barley yields relative to non-amended (control) soils.

In this study, the aim was to find an economical plant source for polyphenol oxidase (PPO) production as an alternative to mushroom and possible application areas by characterization and immobilization of the PPOs. For this purpose, tissues of various plants of no commercial value were screened for their PPO activities. Mulberry leaf tissues showed the highest PPO activity against 4-methyl catechol which was comparable to that of mushroom. Average Km and Vmax values of free mulberry leaf PPOs were found as 7 mM and 218 U/ml, respectively. Mulberry leaf PPOs were immobilized in a polypyrole matrix and the Km and Vmax values of immobilized PPOs were calculated as 35 mM and 3 U/ml, respectively. Mulberry leaf PPO was the most active at 45&deg / C and pH 7. By using electrophoretic analysis, laccase and catechol oxidase type activities of PPOs and in addition, peroxidase activity were detected. Molecular weights of laccase, peroxidase and catechol oxidase were found to be about 62, 64 and 62-64 kDa, with pI values of 8.0-8.5, 4.5 and 10, sequentially.

Synthesis and characterization of conducting copolymers were achieved by using thiophene-3-yl acetic acid cholesteryl ester (CM) and poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM). A new polythiophene containing a cholesteryl side chain in the &amp / #946 / -position was chemically polymerized in nitromethane/carbon tetrachloride using FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent. Polymerization was also achieved by constant current electrolysis in dichloromethane. Subsequently, conducting copolymers of thiophene-3-yl acetic acid cholesteryl ester (CM), PCM1 (obtained from chemical polymerization method), PCM4 (obtained from constant current electrolysis) with pyrrole were synthesized. Thiophene functionalized methacrylate monomer (MTM) was synthesized via esterification of the 3-thiophene methanol with methacryloyl chloride. The methacrylate monomer was polymerized by free radical polymerization in the presence of azobis (isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) as the initiator. Graft copolymers of poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate)/polypyrrole, (PMTM2/PPy) and poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate)/polythiophene, (PMTM2/PTh) were synthesized by constant potential electrolyses. PMTM2 coated Pt electrodes were utilized as the anode in the polymerization of pyrrole and thiophene. Moreover, oxidative polymerization of PMTM1 was studied by galvanostatic and chemical techniques. Characterizations of the samples were performed by CV, FTIR, NMR, DSC, TGA and SEM analyses. Electrical conductivities were measured by the four-probe technique. Immobilization of invertase in conducting copolymer matrices, poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) with pyrrole and thiophene was achieved by constant potential electrolysis using the sodium dodecyl sulfate as the supporting electrolyte. Polythiophene was also used for immobilization matrices. Cholesterol oxidase has been immobilized in conducting copolymer of thiophene-3-yl acetic acid cholesteryl ester with polypyrrole (CM/PPy) and polypyrrole (PPy) by the electropolymerization method. p-Toluene sulfonic acid was used as a supporting electrolyte. Kinetic parameters (Kinetic parameters / Vmax and Michaelis-Menten constant / Km) and operational stability of enzyme electrodes were investigated. Surface morphology of the films was also examined.

A new thiophene derivative containing menthyl group (MM) was synthesized and polymerized via chemical and electrochemical methods. Polymers obtained and MM itself were used to synthesize copolymers with pyrrole under conditions of constant potential electrolysis. Cyclic Voltammetry, thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy analyses were performed for the characterization of samples. Immobilization of invertase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes was performed in the matrices obtained via copolymerization of MM with pyrrole. Immobilization was carried out via entrapment of enzyme in matrices during the polymerization of pyrrole. Temperature optimization, operational stability and shelf-life of the enzyme electrodes were investigated. Maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were determined. It is known that wine includes phenolic groups that give astringency in high concentrations. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) converts mono and diphenols to quinone. By analyzing the product, one can find out the amount of phenolic groups. By using obtained enzyme electrodes via immobilization of PPO, amount of phenolics in different wines were analyzed.

Immobilization of tyrosinase in conducting copolymer matrices of pyrrole functionalized polydimethylsiloxane/polypyrrole (PDMS/PPy) were achieved by electrochemical polymerization. The polysiloxane/polypyrrole/tyrosinase electrode was constructed by the entrapment of enzyme in conducting matrices during electrochemical copolymerization. Maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) were investigated for immobilized enzyme. Enzyme electrodes were prepared in two different electrolyte/solvent systems. The effect of supporting electrolytes, p-toluene sulfonic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate on the enzyme activity and film morphology were determined. Temperature and pH optimization, operational stability and shelf-life of enzyme electrodes were also examined. Phenolic contents of green and black tea were determined by using enzyme electrodes.

ACTIVITY ANALYSIS OF IMMOBILIZED TYROSINASE ENZYME IN THE PRESENCE OF DIFFERENT INHIBITORS Narli, ISil M.Sc., Department of Chemistry Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Levent Toppare May 2006, 97 pages Immobilization of tyrosinase enzyme was performed in the matrices obtained via copolymerization of terephthalic acid bis-(2-thiophen-3-yl ethyl) ester (TATE) with pyrrole. During electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole, enzyme molecules were entrapped in the copolymer matrice. Activity measurements were performed by using Besthorn&amp / #8217 / s Hydrazone method which includes spectrophotometric analysis of quinones produced by the enzyme. Enzyme electrodes were characterized in terms of maximum reaction rate (Vmax) and Michaelis-Menten constant (Km). In addition to kinetic parameters, stability of enzyme electrodes towards environmental conditions such as pH and temperature was investigated. Usage stability and shelf-life analysis were also examined. Wines, especially red wines, contain numerous biologically active compounds, the most important of which are polyphenols, whose nutritional importance is attributed to their antioxidant power. The amounts of phenolic compounds in different red wines were analyzed by using obtained enzyme electrodes. The phenolic compound determination using free enzyme cannot reflect the actual values since there are also naturally found inhibitors in red wines. Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid and sorbic acid were utilized to understand the behavior of immobilized tyrosinase in the conducting polymer matrices toward inhibition.

Surface immobilization of probe molecules in surface based assays is a key area of research in the continued development of immunoassay microarrays. Interest continues to grow in microarray based immunoassays given their potential as a high throughput technique for immunodiagnostics. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly study and understand the implications of interfacial chemistry and immobilization conditions on the performance of the assay. This thesis presents a body of work that examines the impact of probe density, interfacial chemistry, and enhancement factors for arrays read with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging. An array of structurally similar Salmonella disaccharides was immobilized at varying densities and the interface formed was thoroughly investigated to determine the properties of the interface. The arrays were then used with SPR imaging to evaluate the binding of an antibody specific for one disaccharide of the three stereoisomers on the array. A dilute disaccharide surface was found to provide optimal antibody binding. Higher densities result in steric hindrance of antibody binding by not allowing the disaccharide to insert into the antibody binding pocket. The role of interfacial chemistry in antibody attachment was studied to determine optimum conditions. The study examined physical adsorption, covalent attachment, and affinity capture. It was found that covalent attachment provided the most stable attachment and resulted in the lowest levels of antigen detection. Both the physical adsorption and affinity capture provided larger antigen binding capacity and therefore more sensitive antigen detection. The covalent attachment was chosen to evaluate an enhanced assay with the incorporation of gold nanoparticles. These particles provided detection limits that were an order of magnitude improved over those excluding the nanoparticles. A novel surface chemistry for antibody immobilization in SPR imaging studies was evaluated. This involved the electrochemical driven formation of mono- to multilayers of diazonium benzoic acid films. The studies showed the ability to control the thickness of the films formed and also the ability of the antibody chips to capture antigen from solution.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2000. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.