Neuro-engineering is an emerging multi-disciplinary domain which investigates the electrophysiological activities of the nervous system. It provides procedures and techniques to explore, analyze and characterize the functions of the different components comprising the nervous system. Neuro-engineering is not limited to research applications; it is employed in developing unconventional therapeutic techniques for treating different neurological disorders and restoring lost sensory or motor functions. Microelectrodes are principal elements in functional electric stimulation (FES) systems used in electrophysiological procedures. They are used in establishing an interface with the individual neurons or in clusters to record activities and communications, as well as modulate neuron behaviour through stimulation. Microelectrode technologies progressed through several modifications and innovations to improve their functionality and usability. However, conventional electrode technologies are open to further development, and advancement in microelectrodes technology will progressively meliorate the neuro-interfacing and electrotherapeutic techniques. This research introduced design methodology and fabrication processes for intra-cortical microelectrodes capable of befitting a wide range of design requirements and applications. The design process was employed in developing and implementing an ensemble of intra-cortical microelectrodes customized for different neuro-interfacing applications. The proposed designs presented several innovations and novelties. The research addressed practical considerations including assembly and interconnection to external circuitry. The research was concluded by exhibiting the Waterloo Array which is a high channel count flexible 3-D neuro-interfacing array. Finally, the dissertation was concluded by demonstrating the characterization, in vitro and acute in vivo testing results of the Waterloo Array. The implemented electrodes were tested and benchmarked against commercial equivalents and the results manifested improvement in the electrode performance compared to conventional electrodes. Electrode testing and evaluation were conducted in the Krembil Neuroscience Centre Research Lab (Toronto Western Hospital), and the Neurosciences & Mental Health Research Institute (the Sick Kids hospital). The research results and outcomes are currently being employed in developing chronic intra-cortical and electrocorticography (ECoG) electrode arrays for the epilepsy research and rodents nervous system investigations. The introduced electrode technologies will be used to develop customized designs for the clinical research labs collaborating with CIRFE Lab.

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Com a crescente demanda por dispositivos implantáveis de suporte cardíaco (vulgarmente chamados de Coração Artificial) no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca, surge a demanda por sistemas de transmissão de energia transcutânea (TET) para recarregamento das baterias implantadas. Esses sistemas reduzem os riscos de infecções, por não terem cabos atravessando a pele para alimentar os implantes; evitando também intervenções cirúrgicas reincidentes para troca de baterias. Normalmente, são pesquisados e testados sistemas TET por acoplamento magnético (indutivo) entre bobinas através da pele. Este trabalho propõe um modelo para o acoplamento por meio do campo elétrico, através de um capacitor, cujo dielétrico é constituído por polímeros (materiais biocompatíveis) e tecido biológico vivo (pele humana). Provas de conceito para transmissão de energia pelo acoplamento capacitivo apresentaram a possibilidade de mitigar problemas relacionados ao alinhamento axial exigido pelo acoplamento indutivo. Simulações computacionais de circuitos elétricos equivalentes ao acoplamento capacitivo foram confrontadas com experimentos in vitro e ex vivo, com tecidos vivos, validando o modelo proposto e servindo de base para o desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia. / Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome and a problem in the world. Ventricular assistive devices (VADs) are being used as target therapy in the treatment of HF. In order to avoid infectious due to the driveline passing through the patients, transcutaneous energy transmission systems (TET) have been developed to VADs. These TETs usually act by magnetic coupling between coils. The present work proposes a modeling for capacitive coupling through a dielectric composed of polymer and human skin. Bench tests demonstrated advantages over the axial alignment required by inductive systems. Computational simulations of the equivalent electric circuit for capacitive coupling were compared with in vitro experiments and validated the proposed model.

Com a crescente demanda por dispositivos implantáveis de suporte cardíaco (vulgarmente chamados de Coração Artificial) no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca, surge a demanda por sistemas de transmissão de energia transcutânea (TET) para recarregamento das baterias implantadas. Esses sistemas reduzem os riscos de infecções, por não terem cabos atravessando a pele para alimentar os implantes; evitando também intervenções cirúrgicas reincidentes para troca de baterias. Normalmente, são pesquisados e testados sistemas TET por acoplamento magnético (indutivo) entre bobinas através da pele. Este trabalho propõe um modelo para o acoplamento por meio do campo elétrico, através de um capacitor, cujo dielétrico é constituído por polímeros (materiais biocompatíveis) e tecido biológico vivo (pele humana). Provas de conceito para transmissão de energia pelo acoplamento capacitivo apresentaram a possibilidade de mitigar problemas relacionados ao alinhamento axial exigido pelo acoplamento indutivo. Simulações computacionais de circuitos elétricos equivalentes ao acoplamento capacitivo foram confrontadas com experimentos in vitro e ex vivo, com tecidos vivos, validando o modelo proposto e servindo de base para o desenvolvimento de uma nova tecnologia. / Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome and a problem in the world. Ventricular assistive devices (VADs) are being used as target therapy in the treatment of HF. In order to avoid infectious due to the driveline passing through the patients, transcutaneous energy transmission systems (TET) have been developed to VADs. These TETs usually act by magnetic coupling between coils. The present work proposes a modeling for capacitive coupling through a dielectric composed of polymer and human skin. Bench tests demonstrated advantages over the axial alignment required by inductive systems. Computational simulations of the equivalent electric circuit for capacitive coupling were compared with in vitro experiments and validated the proposed model.