Ce travail est consacré à l’étude contrastive du fonctionnement de l’anaphore résomptive à tête nominale (ARN) en allemand et en français. Il s’appuie principalement sur un corpus de textes journalistiques. Le journaliste est un scripteur qui, par le biais de son article, désire informer son lecteur, voire le faire adhérer à sa vision du monde. Mais il est soumis à des contraintes de place. L’ARN est un moyen linguistique de choix, car elle permet un compactage par abstraction et par généralisation des informations sous la forme d’un concept introduit par le nom-tête de l’ARN. Il en ressort que les constituants de l’ARN que sont le déterminatif, le nom-tête et son expansion, et l’ARN en soi jouent un rôle non négligeable au sein de l’énoncé et du paragraphe. Afin de rendre compte de la dimension cognitive du phénomène anaphorique, le recours à la notion de saillance permet de montrer le rôle central des ARN dans la cohérence textuelle. Ce type d’expressions anaphoriques joue en outre un rôle au niveau textuel et au niveau argumentatif. L’ARN est en effet une balise saillante au service de l’argumentation. Elle permet de structurer et d’organiser le discours, ainsi que de participer à la stratégie argumentative du journaliste. / The purpose of this work is to develop a contrastive study of nominal anaphoric encapsulation in German and in French. It is mainly based on a corpus of newspaper articles. Thanks to their articles, journalists want to inform their readers, and sometimes make them share their own world view. But journalists are forced to do with limited space. Nominal anaphoric encapsulation is a perfect linguistic tool because it allows concision through the abstraction and generalization of information – a concept being introduced by the head noun of the nominal anaphoric encapsulation. Therefore, constituent parts of nominal anaphoric encapsulation (determinative, head noun and its expansion) and nominal anaphoric encapsulation itself play an important role in the clause and in the paragraph. In order to analyse the cognitive dimension of the anaphoric phenomenon, we use the notion of saliency to show the central role of nominal anaphoric encapsulation in textual coherence. Furthermore, such anaphoric expressions play a role at the textual and argumentative levels. Nominal anaphoric encapsulation is actually a salient buoy supporting the argumentation. It serves to structure and organize the speech, and to participate in the argumentative strategy of journalists.

The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.

The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.

(in English): The work in this diploma contains the special syntactic structural features of Russian and Czech historical and political science texts. The author of the work takes as a theoretical starting point the principle that Russian scientific texts use more condensed forms of expression than Czech scientific texts, and uses evidence in this diploma to verify the truth of this principle. Quantitative research was carried out to test this theory via examination of Czech and Russian historical and political science texts in both original and translated forms. The original criteria for the choice of texts used was thematic closeness, time period of text creation and a minimum length of 5,000 words. This criteria was later expanded to 7,000 words for original texts and 9,000 words for original texts and their translations. In addition to this a translation analysis was carried out concerning condensation devices, expression dynamics and the implicitness and explicitness of the text. The contrastive analysis of applied condensation devices of Czech and Russian texts adheres to the classification framework of Czech linguist Milan Jelinek. The results of the author's analysis confirm that Russian political science and historical texts reach higher predicative tightness of expression and use more...

This diploma thesis deals with explicitness and semantic explicitations in translation. Its goal is to confirm or disprove the explicitation hypothesis of S. Blum-Kulka, according to which translated texts are more explicit than their originals, regardless of the language of translation. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of explicitness and explicitation, presents explicitation from the point of view of terminology, translation universals, the cognitive process of translating and the contribution of corpus linguistics to the research of different forms of explicitation. The theoretical part also contains division of explicitation into different types and its classification among other translation procedures. The empirical part is based on a detailed analysis of excerpts obtained from French and Czech belletristic originals and their translations through which the semantic explicitations are researched. The analysis is concluded by a summary of all obtained results and by their confrontation with the explicitation hypothesis.

Il presente lavoro offre un’analisi linguistica dell’implicito nei racconti "Drakon" [Il drago], "Peščera" [La caverna] e "Mamaj", scritti da Evgenij Zamjatin tra il 1918 e il 1920 e noti come ciclo di Pietrogrado. Il tema è motivato sia dalle caratteristiche di questi testi, in cui il riferimento al contesto post-rivoluzionario e la critica alla rivoluzione sono molto chiari, ma del tutto impliciti, e il lettore può solo inferirli partendo dal testo e dalla conoscenza del contesto condiviso con lo scrittore, sia dallo studio degli scritti di Zamjatin sulla prosa, in cui emerge che l’implicito è uno degli strumenti principali con cui egli realizza la sua concezione di opera letteraria, frutto della cooperazione fra autore e lettore. Per l’analisi abbiamo utilizzato gli strumenti offerti dalla teoria della pertinenza, elaborata a partire dagli anni Ottanta da Dan Sperber e Deirdre Wilson, e più precisamente i concetti di implicatura ed esplicatura; essi risultano particolarmente produttivi rispetto a quelli della retorica tradizionale, i quali illuminano la fattura del testo, ma non spiegano come da essa il lettore arrivi a comprenderlo e interpretarlo, come avvenga, cioè, la collaborazione creativa che Zamjatin pone al centro della propria estetica. / The present work offers a linguistic analysis of implicitness in the stories "Drakon" [The Dragon], "Peščera" [The Cave] and "Mamaj", written by Yevgeny Zamyatin between 1918 and 1920 and known as his Petrograd cycle of stories. This topic is justified not only by the peculiarities of these texts, whose reference to post-revolutionary context and criticism of revolution are very clear but quite implicit, and the reader can only infer them from the text and the context he shares with the writer, but also by what Zamyatin stated in his essays on prose, where implicitness is one of the main instruments for achieving his idea of literary work as the result of the cooperation between author and reader. The analysis proceeds by applying the elements provided by the relevance theory which has been developed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson since the eighties, and particularly that of implicature and explicature; they are more fruitful than traditional rhetorical categories, which shed light on the way Zamyatin’s texts are built, but do not explain how the reader understands and interprets them, that is, how the creative cooperation pointed out in Zamyatin’s aesthetics takes place.