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Carbon capture and storage (CCTS) is a transitional technology offering a nearterm method of mitigating climate change. Pipelines are considered to be the most suitable systems for CCTS; however, structural integrity of pipeline has to be guaranteed in order for this technology to become a practical technical solution. The investigation detailed here is based on a systematic experimental approach to investigate the structural integrity of API X100, X60 and X70 steels exposed in simulated flue-gas under dynamic conditions. A core of the structured experiments through some methods such as aging test, tensile properties, fracture toughness, residual stress and engineering critical assessment was accomplished in parent material and exposed samples on flue-gas. The temperature range of evaluation for tensile test covers -70C to 21C while fracture toughness was over the range -196C to 21C. Tensile properties of virgin material show that steels meet standard specification while aging samples do not show significant scatter compared with parent steels. Ovalisation of the fracture surface and splitting phenomenon was observed which is related with steel anisotropy. Fracture toughness obtained from experiment was compared with that calculate by two existing correlations. However both correlations did not predict the level of fracture toughness expected indicating the methods used in this work has limited applicability under the test conditions used here. Residual stress (RS) induced in API X100 steel by cold rolling method was characterised using two complementary techniques known as Neutron Diffraction (ND) and Incremental Hole Drilling (IHD). The RS distribution shows good agreement for both techniques used but reproducibility of them depends on their own inaccuracies. An Engineering Criticality Assessment (ECA) was performed based in Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD) approach using all the experimental data obtained by a leak-before-break method under three operational pressures. The results showed the effect on the integrity of material under the presence of a flaw length assessed. Overall, the thesis presents a combined engineering critical assessment which involved the examination of materials used to transport flue-gas and established a methodology to determine fracture toughness alongside with the FAD to assess the integrity of pipelines.

This project studied the physical and chemical effects of typical impurities on CO2 storage using both experimental approaches and theoretical simulation. Results show that the presence of typical non-condensable impurities from oxyfuel combustion such as N2, O2, and Ar resulted in lower density than pure CO2, leading to decreased CO2 storage capacity and increased buoyancy in saline aquifers. In contrast, inclusion of condensable SO2 in CO2 resulted in higher density than pure CO2 and therefore increased storage capacity. These impurities also had a significant impact on the phase behaviours of CO2, which is important to CO2 transportation. Different effects on rock chemistry were detected with experimental systems containing pure CO2, CO2 with SO2, or CO2 with SO2 and O2 under conditions simulating that in a potential storage site. An equation was proposed to predict the effects of the rock chemistry on the porosity of rocks.

<p> The cryoscopic constant for fluorosulphuric acid has been determined and the nature and concentration of the impurities in the solvent have been investigated.</p> <p> The NMR and Gouy methods have been used to determine the magnetic susceptibility of solutions of iodine fluorosulphates. The NMR method has been shown to lead to spurious results.</p> <p> Cryoscopy, conductivity and UV and visual spectrophotometry have been used to elucidate the state of iodine fluorosulphates in fluorosulphuric acid. Solutions of stoichiometry corresponding to fifth-, third-, half-, uni-, tri-, and hepta-valent iodine have been investigated. The highest valence state observed was that of iodine trifluorosulphate which has been shown to be an acid in fluorosulphuric acid. Measurements on fifth- and third-valent iodine solutions indicate that I5+ and I3+ are formed. Measurements on half- and univalent iodine solutions suggest that I2+ is formed. The observed magnetic moment of this species agrees well with that required by theory, 2.0 BM.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Therapeutic viruses are a class of biotherapeutic which have enabled new treatments and medical advances in the areas of vaccines, cancer treatment, gene therapy, and more. In the production and purification of these products, the sterile filtration unit operation is known to have poor yields and contribute to the high cost of the final product, significantly hampering the large-scale production of some therapeutic viruses. Thus, this thesis seeks to explore various aspects of process development and fundamental understanding in the sterile filtration of therapeutic viruses. This thesis explores the mechanisms and membrane properties which govern how bacteria are retained during filtration, and applies these insights to improve the sterile filtration recovery of a therapeutic virus through proper membrane selection. To better understand the factors which cause membrane fouling and loss of virus during sterile filtration, the effect of host cell impurities on filtration performance was investigated. This revealed that small amounts of host cell protein are a major factor in both membrane fouling and reduced virus yield, and that there is a synergistic effect between the virus and the host cell protein adsorbing to the membrane surface. Recognizing that conventional polymeric membranes have many limitations, a novel ultrathin, isoporous, microfabricated silicon nitride membrane was tested for suitability as a sterile filter. Finally, the application of nanoparticles as model virus particles in filtration testing was examined, and a process was developed through which nanoparticles could be fused together to create controlled amounts of particle aggregates, similar to how viruses can be prone to aggregation. The work described here will help enable the development of next generation sterile filtration membranes and provides both insights and methodologies for improving sterile filtration performance. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / While many people are aware that viruses can be used in medicine as vaccines, there are even more new and developing ways they can be used, such as in fighting cancer or treating previously uncurable diseases. However, testing of and patient access to these new treatments is often limited due to the challenges in producing and purifying enough of the virus. Viruses are highly complex and large relative to other products, and so many of the common methods and manufacturing processes which are standard in the industry need to be significantly adapted or improved to suit the production of viruses. This study investigates one step of the purification process, sterile filtration, and considers how a variety of factors from the materials used to the properties of the virus solution can be optimized to improve performance. With a deeper understanding of the sterile filtration process, recommendations can be made to help improve the production of future virus-based therapies.

Šiame baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama gruntbetonio savybių priklausomybė nuo grunto sudėties. Atlikta porų injekcijos ir srautinės injekcijos teorijos apžvalga, išdėstytos šių metodų atlikimo sekos, panaudojimo sritys bei aptartos srautinėmis injekcijomis suformuotų gruntbetoninių kolonų fizikinės savybės. Baigiamojo magistro darbo teorinėje dalyje pateikiama pagrindų stiprinimo injekcijomis apžvalga. Aptariami jų ypatumai, technologijos bei medžiagos, pateikiami kokybės kontrolės metodai, nagrinėjamos dažniausiai kylančios problemos ir jų sprendimo būdai. Eksperimentinėje dalyje nagrinėjama, kokį poveikį priemaišos daro gruntbetonio savybėms. Buvo atliekami laboratoriniai tyrimai, nagrinėjama grunbetonio savybių priklausomybė nuo grunto sudėties. Aprašomi gauti rezultatai, atliekama jų analizė, suformuluojamos išvados. Darbą sudaro 6 dalys: įvadas, literatūros apžvalga, eksperimentiniai tyrimai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas ir priedai. Darbo apimtis – 118 p. teksto be priedų, 35 p. priedų, 78 paveikslėliai, 39 lentelės, 44 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. / This master thesis examines soilerete properties dependence on the composition of the soil. Carried out in pairs at the injection stream and an overview of the theory of the injection set forth in the execution sequence of these methods, fields, and discussed the use of injection-formed soilrets thanks to the physical properties of columns. Master's thesis in theoretical basis for the strengthening of the Review of the injection. Discuss their features, technology and materials, the quality control methods, addresses the most common problems and their solutions. The experimental section deals with the impact of the pollution for soileret properties. Was carried out laboratory tests analyzed in the analysis, formulation of conclusions. The work consists of seven parts: introduction, literature review, experimental studies, conclusions, references, published articles and accessories. Thesis consist of: 118 p. text without appendixes, 35 p.appendixes, 78 pictures, 39 tables, 44 bibliographical entries.

An zwei verschiedenen Kristall-Typen, an Tb3Ga3O12 (TGG) und an KTaO3, konnten die prinzipiellen Vorteile der ODMR-Technik (optisch detektierte magnetische Resonanz) gegenüber der konventionellen ESR (Elektronenspinresonanz) durch die erzielten interessanten Untersuchungsergebnisse belegt werden. Die ODMR-Technik ermöglichte Spinresonanz-Untersuchungen an TGG. Dieses Material ist durch sein paramagnetisches Grundgitter für konventionelle ESR nicht zugänglich. Das für den "bulk"-Paramagnetismus verantwortliche Tb3+ konnte in allen Kristallen nachgewiesen werden. Die Identifizierung erfolgte durch Untersuchungen der Proben über MCD (magnetic circular dichroism), ODMR via MCD, ODMR via den Faraday-Effekt und zusätzlichen theoretischen Betrachtungen mit Hilfe von Kristallfeld-Rechnungen. Bei dem zweiten in TGG identifizierten Zentrum handelt es sich um Ce3+, dessen ODMR interessanterweise vor dem starken paramagnetischen Hintergrund durch das Tb-Untergitter beobachtbar ist. Dieser Defekt ist nur in den Ca/Ce-dotierten Proben mit Ce-Überschuß nachweisbar - was vermuten läßt, daß Ce zur Ladungskompensation der Ca2+-Defekte auf Tb3+- und Ga3+-Plätzen nur vierwertig eingebaut wird. Ist die Ce-Dotierung dagegen höher als zur Ladungskompensation nötig, so wird es vorwiegend dreiwertig eingebaut. Es wurde durch Vergleich von MCD-, LD- und Spektren der optischen Absorption gezeigt, daß Ce3+ das photochrome Zentrum ist, welches für einen speziellen photorefraktiven Effekt in TGG verantwortlich ist. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit gilt der Untersuchung von Fe-dotiertem KTaO3 mit den Methoden der ODMR. Im Vergleich zum TGG konnte hier eine überraschend große Anzahl verschiedener Zentren identifiziert und über deren Spinresonanz und optische Eigenschaften charakterisiert werden. Für das aus ESR-Untersuchungen bereits bekannte axiale Fe3+-Oi -Zentrum wurde anhand dessen tagged MCD-Messungen gezeigt, daß die optischen Übergänge dieses unsere Kristalle dominierenden Defektes erstaunlich weit in den roten Spektralbereich hineinreichen. Der Nachweis der optischen Orientierbarkeit dieses molekülartigen Defekt-Komplexes stellt ein weiteres sehr interessantes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit dar. Das in den "as grown" Kristallen metastabil vorhandene (ebenfalls axiale) Fe4+-Oi konnte zum ersten Mal beobachtet werden. Durch Oxidationsbehandlungen (Absenken des Fermi-Niveaus) der Fe-dotierten KTaO3 -Proben läßt sich erreichen, daß Fe4+-Oi bei tiefen Temperaturen als stabiler Zustand vorhanden ist. In reduzierten Proben konnte ein weiteres in zwei Ladungsstufen auftretendes Zentrenpaar identifiziert werden. Das axiale Fe3+-Vo war durch ESR-Untersuchungen bereits bekannt und ist bei X-Band MW-Frequenzen allein über die ESR vom Fe3+-Oi nicht zu unterscheiden. Der MCD des Fe3+-Vo mit einer Bande bei 370 nm unterscheidet sich jedoch sehr deutlich von den bis ins Rote reichenden MCD-Banden des Fe3+-Oi. Je nach Reduktionsgrad der Probe ist der Defekt in der Ladungsstufe Fe2+-Vo zugleich präsent oder kann durch eine Umladungsbeleuchtung erzeugt werden. Dieses neu entdeckte Zentrum besitzt eine dem Fe4+-Oi ähnliche ODMR-Winkelabhängigkeit. Zusätzlich zu den vielen axialen Fe-Zentren zeigte sich auch ein Fe3+-Zentrum in lokaler rhombischer Symmetrie. Die Betrachtung der für diesen Defekt signifikanten Spin-Hamilton-Parameter von Helium bis Raumtemperatur ermöglichte es, die zwei in der Literatur diskutierten Fe3+rh-Zentren auf ein einziges Zentrum zurückzuführen. Das nur metastabil und mit axialer Symmetrie auftretende O--Zentrum wurde auch in nicht Fe-dotierten KTaO3-Kristallen entdeckt. Neben der Untersuchung der erwähnten Defekte wurde eine erhöhte Aufmerksamkeit den in der Polarisationsspektroskopie (prinzipbedingt) häufig auftretenden Artefakten gewidmet.