Electromagnetic launchers (railguns) are set to replace traditional large caliber ship mounted cannons in the near future. The success of the railgun depends heavily upon a comprehensive understanding of beam behavior during periods of heavy dynamic loading. It is hypothesized that the combination of velocity transition effects, electromagnetic loading, and other non-linear or design specific effects contribute to areas of high stresses/strains over the length of the rail/beam during launch. This paper outlines the use of the Timoshenko beam model, a model which builds upon the traditional Bernoulli-Euler beam theory with the addition of shear deformation and rotary inertia effects, a necessity for high wave velocities. Real-world experimental setups are simplified and approximated by a series of linear springs and dampers for model prediction and validation. The Timoshenko beam model is solved using finite difference (FD) methods for the approximation of spatial derivatives and MATLAB ordinary differential equation (ODE) solvers. The model shows good convergence and precision over a large range of system parameters including load velocities, foundation stiffness values, and beam dimensions. Comparison to experimental strain data has validated model accuracy to an acceptable level. Accuracy is further enhanced with the inclusion of damping and non-linear or piecewise effects used to mimic experimental observations. The MATLAB software package presents a valid preliminary analysis tool for railgun beam and foundation design while offering advantages in ease of use, computation time, and system requirements when compared to traditional FEA tools. / Master of Science

This master´s thesis provides basic properties and measurement of optical beams. In the first chapter is shown division of light on ray, wave and beam optics. Atmospheric optics and properties associated with propagation of light through the earth's atmosphere is presented in the second chapter. In the third part are shown basic techniques for Gaussian beam shaping. The last chapter deals with measurement of optical beam after propagating through a turbulent medium. In this section is shown distribution of relative variance of optical intensity in Gaussian and Top-Hat beam. There is also measured spatial coherence of laser beam in the turbulent atmospheric transmission media. Finally effect of the beam wander is investigated.

The thesis deals with problems of control and diagnostics of electron beam technological devices which use electron beam for localised intensive heating of a material. A brief description of the electron beam welder MEBW-60/2 is included; the author has participated on its development and implementation. Main topics are the analysis of deflection system properties and the measurement of current distribution of the beam (so-called beam profiles). Geometrical aberrations, hysteresis, stability and dynamics of a single-stage magnetic x-y deflection system are described. Suitable measurement procedures and correction methods are introduced. Methods of transverse and longitudinal beam profile acquisition is presented using successive sampling of the local current density of the beam by a modified Faraday cup. The data processing and evaluation of characteristic beam parameters are shown. The presented methods were verified by fourteen experiments using the electron beam welder. The methods have proven to be useful in practical evaluation of the device properties.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07535.pdf: 5658873 bytes, checksum: bfc9a035eb51ae184a489a4570c8c827 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

As vigas casteladas são fabricadas a partir do corte em zigue-zague da alma de perfis I, após são deslocados e soldados, fazendo com que a viga tenha uma expansão na altura, porém sem aumentar a massa do perfil. As mesmas voltaram a ser uma opção competitiva devido aos avanços tecnológicos, que possibilitam a automação do corte e solda da alma do perfil e com o inicio das produções de perfis I laminados no Brasil em 2002. Apresenta grandes vantagens proporcionando a passagem de dutos e tubulações, aumento na rigidez no plano de flexão e boa estética. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico-numérico realizado com objetivo de verificar o comportamento de vigas casteladas e vigas casteladas mistas, a fim de apresentar e/ou propor dimensionamentos conforme a norma brasileira para as mesmas. Os trabalhos apresentados por Cimadevila (2000) e Veríssimo (2012) foram utilizados para formulação da análise de vigas casteladas. O trabalho de Lawson (2011) que aborda vigas casteladas mistas com aberturas (circulares e retangulares), que é baseado no EUROCODE 3 (2005), foi utilizado para formulação da metodologia de análise de vigas casteladas mistas. Foram realizadas planilhas para análise de vigas casteladas e vigas mistas com aberturas utilizando as metodologias estudadas, e planilhas de análise de vigas casteladas mistas com a metodologia proposta. Utilizando-se o software ANSYS as planilhas e metodologias puderam ser testadas e validadas. Foram selecionados alguns projetos de dimensionamento para comparar vigas de alma cheia, vigas casteladas, vigas mistas, vigas mistas com aberturas e vigas mistas casteladas. / Castellated beams are made of metal I-beams, in which the webs are first divided by a lengthwise zigzag cut, then these parts are welded together in order to join the peaks of both parts, thus increasing its depth and strength, without mass increasing. Castellated beams are again competitive due to technological advances, which enabled automatic cut and welding the web of the I-beams, and with the beginning of the production of rolled metal I-beams in Brazil in 2002. They exhibit great advantages, such as passing of ducts and pipes, increasing bending stiffness, and having good aesthetics. This work presents analytical and numerical studies looking for analysis the behavior of castellated beams and composite castellated beams in order to develop design methods satisfying the corresponding Brazilian code. The castellated beams analysis were based in the works of Cimadevila (2000) and Veríssimo (2012). The work of Lawson (2011), which concerns composite castellated beams and is based on EUROCODE 3 (2005), was used for the formulation of the methodology of the analysis of composite castellated and cellular beams. Spreadsheets were developed for analysis of castellated beams and composite beams with web openings, using both, the studied methodologies and the suggested methodologies for the composite beams. Using ANSYS software, it was possible to test and validate the developed spreadsheets. Design projects of full web beams, castellated beams, composite beams, composite castellated beams and composite beams with web openings were selected for comparison.

abstract: In order to verify the dispersive nature of transverse displacement in a beam, a deep understanding of the governing partial differential equation is developed. Using the finite element method and Newmark’s method, along with Fourier transforms and other methods, the aim is to obtain consistent results across each numerical technique. An analytical solution is also analyzed for the Euler-Bernoulli beam in order to gain confidence in the numerical techniques when used for more advance beam theories that do not have a known analytical solution. Three different beam theories are analyzed in this report: The Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Rayleigh beam theory and Timoshenko beam theory. A comparison of the results show the difference between each theory and the advantages of using a more advanced beam theory for higher frequency vibrations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil Engineering 2016

As vigas casteladas são fabricadas a partir do corte em zigue-zague da alma de perfis I, após são deslocados e soldados, fazendo com que a viga tenha uma expansão na altura, porém sem aumentar a massa do perfil. As mesmas voltaram a ser uma opção competitiva devido aos avanços tecnológicos, que possibilitam a automação do corte e solda da alma do perfil e com o inicio das produções de perfis I laminados no Brasil em 2002. Apresenta grandes vantagens proporcionando a passagem de dutos e tubulações, aumento na rigidez no plano de flexão e boa estética. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico-numérico realizado com objetivo de verificar o comportamento de vigas casteladas e vigas casteladas mistas, a fim de apresentar e/ou propor dimensionamentos conforme a norma brasileira para as mesmas. Os trabalhos apresentados por Cimadevila (2000) e Veríssimo (2012) foram utilizados para formulação da análise de vigas casteladas. O trabalho de Lawson (2011) que aborda vigas casteladas mistas com aberturas (circulares e retangulares), que é baseado no EUROCODE 3 (2005), foi utilizado para formulação da metodologia de análise de vigas casteladas mistas. Foram realizadas planilhas para análise de vigas casteladas e vigas mistas com aberturas utilizando as metodologias estudadas, e planilhas de análise de vigas casteladas mistas com a metodologia proposta. Utilizando-se o software ANSYS as planilhas e metodologias puderam ser testadas e validadas. Foram selecionados alguns projetos de dimensionamento para comparar vigas de alma cheia, vigas casteladas, vigas mistas, vigas mistas com aberturas e vigas mistas casteladas. / Castellated beams are made of metal I-beams, in which the webs are first divided by a lengthwise zigzag cut, then these parts are welded together in order to join the peaks of both parts, thus increasing its depth and strength, without mass increasing. Castellated beams are again competitive due to technological advances, which enabled automatic cut and welding the web of the I-beams, and with the beginning of the production of rolled metal I-beams in Brazil in 2002. They exhibit great advantages, such as passing of ducts and pipes, increasing bending stiffness, and having good aesthetics. This work presents analytical and numerical studies looking for analysis the behavior of castellated beams and composite castellated beams in order to develop design methods satisfying the corresponding Brazilian code. The castellated beams analysis were based in the works of Cimadevila (2000) and Veríssimo (2012). The work of Lawson (2011), which concerns composite castellated beams and is based on EUROCODE 3 (2005), was used for the formulation of the methodology of the analysis of composite castellated and cellular beams. Spreadsheets were developed for analysis of castellated beams and composite beams with web openings, using both, the studied methodologies and the suggested methodologies for the composite beams. Using ANSYS software, it was possible to test and validate the developed spreadsheets. Design projects of full web beams, castellated beams, composite beams, composite castellated beams and composite beams with web openings were selected for comparison.

As vigas casteladas são fabricadas a partir do corte em zigue-zague da alma de perfis I, após são deslocados e soldados, fazendo com que a viga tenha uma expansão na altura, porém sem aumentar a massa do perfil. As mesmas voltaram a ser uma opção competitiva devido aos avanços tecnológicos, que possibilitam a automação do corte e solda da alma do perfil e com o inicio das produções de perfis I laminados no Brasil em 2002. Apresenta grandes vantagens proporcionando a passagem de dutos e tubulações, aumento na rigidez no plano de flexão e boa estética. O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico-numérico realizado com objetivo de verificar o comportamento de vigas casteladas e vigas casteladas mistas, a fim de apresentar e/ou propor dimensionamentos conforme a norma brasileira para as mesmas. Os trabalhos apresentados por Cimadevila (2000) e Veríssimo (2012) foram utilizados para formulação da análise de vigas casteladas. O trabalho de Lawson (2011) que aborda vigas casteladas mistas com aberturas (circulares e retangulares), que é baseado no EUROCODE 3 (2005), foi utilizado para formulação da metodologia de análise de vigas casteladas mistas. Foram realizadas planilhas para análise de vigas casteladas e vigas mistas com aberturas utilizando as metodologias estudadas, e planilhas de análise de vigas casteladas mistas com a metodologia proposta. Utilizando-se o software ANSYS as planilhas e metodologias puderam ser testadas e validadas. Foram selecionados alguns projetos de dimensionamento para comparar vigas de alma cheia, vigas casteladas, vigas mistas, vigas mistas com aberturas e vigas mistas casteladas. / Castellated beams are made of metal I-beams, in which the webs are first divided by a lengthwise zigzag cut, then these parts are welded together in order to join the peaks of both parts, thus increasing its depth and strength, without mass increasing. Castellated beams are again competitive due to technological advances, which enabled automatic cut and welding the web of the I-beams, and with the beginning of the production of rolled metal I-beams in Brazil in 2002. They exhibit great advantages, such as passing of ducts and pipes, increasing bending stiffness, and having good aesthetics. This work presents analytical and numerical studies looking for analysis the behavior of castellated beams and composite castellated beams in order to develop design methods satisfying the corresponding Brazilian code. The castellated beams analysis were based in the works of Cimadevila (2000) and Veríssimo (2012). The work of Lawson (2011), which concerns composite castellated beams and is based on EUROCODE 3 (2005), was used for the formulation of the methodology of the analysis of composite castellated and cellular beams. Spreadsheets were developed for analysis of castellated beams and composite beams with web openings, using both, the studied methodologies and the suggested methodologies for the composite beams. Using ANSYS software, it was possible to test and validate the developed spreadsheets. Design projects of full web beams, castellated beams, composite beams, composite castellated beams and composite beams with web openings were selected for comparison.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:46:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 07535.pdf: 5658873 bytes, checksum: bfc9a035eb51ae184a489a4570c8c827 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

The doctoral thesis presents the diagnostic neutral lithium beam on the COMPASS tokamak in Prague. The technical part describes the system for injection of accelerated lithium beam into the COMPASS tokamak and the respective detection systems for beam emission spectroscopy. The physical part describes the analysis of measured spectroscopic data, with particular emphasis on density fluctuations in the edge plasma. Detailed analysis of turbulent structures outside of the confined plasma region is presented, as well as investigations of the ELM instabilities during high confinement mode plasma operation. The thesis also presents the development and proof-of-concept measurements of a new and unique diagnostic method - atomic beam probe. The method uses detection of the ionized part of the beam for current density profile measurements in the plasma edge.