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Data taken directly from the web sites of the House and Senate and massaged into usable form. Data are organized by session. Displayed by Congress number, session, and file type. So hou1012 would be data from the house, 101st congress, 2nd session. Code=codebook, Summ= summary file, and Notes= miscellenous notes

This data set contains estimated left-right candidate coordinates necessary to replicate the analysis in Ansolabehere, Snyder, and Stewart, "Candidate Positioning in U.S. House Elections," American Journal of Political Science 45(1): 136-159. See the article for details. The data fields are state (postal code), district, name, party (1=dem, 2=rep), location, imputed location.

Previous research into computer-assisted methods of residential property valuation has concentrated upon statistical techniques i.e., multiple regression analysis. Inquiries made of all leading academic and professional institutions in the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand involved in property valuation, indicate that this project is unique in current residential valuation research. The. approach is based upon a study of the working practises of a professional mortgage valuer, his "expertise" and techniques utilised in the completion of mortgage valuations. A model of the valuation procedure has been developed and exposed to the critical evaluation of other valuers. This model has been implemented as a demonstration "expert system". A critical evaluation of the suitability of the different software, knowledge elicitation and knowledge representation techniques for valuation work has been carried out and an assessment of the nature and use of uncertainty within the domain of mortgage valuation made. The current methodology effectively demonstrates the knowledge-based concept of a separation of comparable property data, and the procedures used to manipulate that data, i.e. the valuer's use of comparable s. This enables the demonstration system to operate with few and "imperfect" comparables. Additionally the methodology is not time-related, the demonstration system selects comparable information from the same time period as the required valuation. These features are clearly an advance over the regression studies noted above which require complete data in large quantities over a restricted time period. Currently the integration of knowledge-based and conventional data processing software is in its infancy and this is reflected in the limited nature of the demonstration system. In conclusion the project has developed a wholly original approach to the problem of computer-assisted residential property valuation, contributing significantly to the available literature in the comparative method of valuation, computer-assisted valuation techniques, and the identification of uncertainty within a domain of expertise.

The valuation of the built environment has been a traditional concern of geographers. A particular interest has been the way in which the value of locational externalities are incorporated into house prices through housing market dynamics. However, much of the previous research into this process has been of North American origin, despite the fact that house prices, and property valuations in general, have become a major part of British life. This research aims to begin to rectify this shortfall by studying the spatial dynamics of the Cardiff Housing Market. Implicit in this research is an attempt to move towards a valuation of locational externalities at the micro-scale. The research employs two distinct method of analysis. Firstly, ARC / INFO GIS is used to construct a context-sensitive GIS of the Cardiff housing market. An important aspect of this GIS is the use of Ordnance Survey's ADDRESS-POINT product to geo-reference individual properties to a resolution of 0.1 metre. Several large and complex socio-economic and property related datasets were then attached to this coverage, including house price survey data, local taxation data, and data from a Housing Condition Survey of one in five dwellings in the central area of Cardiff. This GIS is one of the most comprehensive constructed for any city, and is relatively unique in this kind of research. The second method of analysis employs the hedonic pricing technique to impute monetary values for the implicit attributes of housing. An important part of the research is an investigation into the specification of the hedonic house price function. The traditional specification is essentially aspatial, and does not take into account the spatial nature the data, and thus the spatial dynamics of the housing market that generates it. To rectify this, three different specifications of the hedonic house price function are investigated: the traditional specification, the spatial parameter drift specification and the multi-level specification. The research concludes that the multi-level specification is best at modelling the spatial heterogeneity and spatial dependence inherent in housing market data. The results from this modelling show that the valuation of locational externalities are intimately bound up with the attributes of the housing stock and the characteristics of the resident households, resulting in a complex juxtaposition of positive and negative valuations of location at the local level.

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This paper examined how Esther Summerson, Dickens’s ideal good mother, can be understood as a woman who has maternal agency and identity both as a character and as a narrator, and how she contrasts with other maternal characters in the novel, both major and minor. While more transgressive mothers, such as Lady Dedlock, Mrs. Jellyby and even Krook’s cat, are doomed to death, ineffectiveness and madness, Esther moves from a frozen, “unsexualized” state into a space of life and sexual possibility. In addition, Esther has agency and identity as a narrator since she shares the narration with a third-person male narrator. Esther becomes the one who speaks rather than the one who is spoken of, and her maternal, nurturing voice provides a balm for the often harsh, judgmental voice of the male narrator. As the narrator’s patriarchal voice dies away at the end, it is Esther’s maternal voice that survives.