The effect of varying the angle of incidence of a Gaussian beam from a He-Ne laser incident upon a large radius optical fiber is theoretically and experimentally investigated. The modes in a weakly-guiding, step index fiber were determined by using an analytical approximation technique to calculate the corresponding eigenvalues. An expression was developed for the fractional power per mode as a function of the angle of incidence for such a fiber. This expression was used to calculate the fractional power per mode for the lowest order 171 modes. This allowed the calculation of the fractional power per order and total power. By comparing these theoretical results to our experiment results, it is shown that the theoretical method is accurate at normal incidence and gives qualitative but not quantitative agreement at larger angles.

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Syfte: Att vid Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö utröna i vilken grad revisionspatienterna följs upp av studenterna, hur studenternas kariesbehandling planeras och utförs, effektiviteten av denna samt överlevnad hos studenternas utförda kompositfyllningar. Material och metod: Studien baseras på analys av patienters arbets- och revisionsblad, ifyllda av studenter på cariologiavdelningen under åren 2015-2018. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 68 av 225 patienter. Vid första undersökningen hade 32% hög kariesrisk, vilket minskade till 19% vid revisionsundersökning. Patienter med låg kariesrisk ökade från 22% till 32%. Majoriteten av patienterna fick en minskad kariesincidens, i genomsnitt med 0,375 enheter. Vid första undersökningen hade 18% kariesincidens 0, vilket ökade till 68%. Samtliga patienter behandlades med fyllningsterapi och 7% av fyllningarna bedömdes som misslyckade, främst på grund av retentionsförlust. Den vanligaste kariespreventiva åtgärden var fluoridlackning vilket inkluderades i 73% av terapiplanerna. Fluorid- och kostråd utfördes hos 45% av patienter med hög kariesrisk, jämfört med 13% hos patienter med låg kariesrisk. Fluoridlackning och munhygieninstruktioner utfördes i lika stor utsträckning oavsett riskgruppering.Slutsatser: Majoriteten av revisionspatienterna på studentkliniken följdes upp och fick en minskad kariesincidens. Patienterna bedömdes ha en lägre kariesrisk efter utförd behandling. Fluorid- och kostråd ses i större utsträckning hos patienter med riskgruppering medel till hög. Ingen procentuell skillnad kan ses mellan riskgrupperna gällande behandling med fluoridlack och munhygieninstruktioner. Studien påvisar inga tydliga skillnader mellan behandlingsval och patientens kariesincidens efter utförd behandling. 7% av det totala antalet utförda fyllningar bedömdes som misslyckade, främst på grund av retentionsförlust. / Objective: To determine to which degree the recall of patients is executed at Tandvårdshögskolan in Malmö, how the students’ caries treatment is planned and performed, the effectiveness of this and the survival of the students’ composite restorations.Material and methods: The study is based on analysis of patient worksheets and recall sheets, completed by students in the Department of Cariology during the years 2015-2018. Results: A total of 68 out of 225 patients were included. At the first examination, 32% had high caries risk, which decreased to 19% in the recall examination. Patients with low caries risk increased from 22% to 32%. The majority of patients had a reduced caries incidence, averaging 0.375 units. In the first examination, 18% had caries incidence 0, which increased to 68%. All patients were treated with composite restorations and 7% of the restorations were considered unsuccessful, mainly due to loss of retention. The most common caries preventive measure was fluoride varnish, which was included in 73% of the treatment plans. Fluoride and dietary advice were performed in 45% of patients with high caries risk, compared with 13% in patients with low caries risk. Fluoride varnishing and oral hygiene instructions were performed to an equal extent regardless of caries risk.Conclusions: The majority of the patients at the student clinic were followed up and had a reduced caries incidence. Patients were assessed to have a lower caries risk after treatment. Fluoride and dietary advice are seen to a greater extent in patients with medium to high caries risk. No difference can be seen between the risk groups regarding treatment with fluoride varnish and oral hygiene instructions. The study shows no clear differences between treatment choices and the caries incidence of the patient after treatment. 7% of the total number of composite restorations was considered unsuccessful when followed up, mainly due to loss of retention.

By increasing fruit exposure to sunlight and influencing fruit development, leaf thinning in the fruit zone can improve grape quality and lower disease incidence; however, further investigations on the timing, varietal response and intensity are needed to optimize results and to better understand underlying physiologic responses. Fruit zone leaf thinning was applied at different timing and intensities to evaluate its effect on cluster health and fruit composition in Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. Treatments consisted of control (C), pre-bloom leaf thinning (PB) and two levels of fruit-set leaf thinning (three leaves, PF3 and six leaves, PF6). In an additional project on Cabernet Sauvignon, two levels of hedging (17th node, NH and 12th node, H) were integrated with no leaf thinning (L) and fruit set leaf thinning (LR, three leaves). All leaf thinning treatments consistently reduced disease incidence compared to control vines in both varieties, with the reduction extent varying between 2017 and 2018. Yield was not negatively affected by leaf thinning treatments, even though PB reduced cluster compactness by decreasing the number of berries per cluster of Chardonnay in 2017. Control vines tended to have greater titratable acidity than defoliated vines, while Brix and pH responses varied between seasons. No direct positive correlation was found between sunlight exposure and norisoprenoids concentration. Post fruit set leaf thinning PF6 consistently increase free norisoprenoids at harvest, while pre-bloom defoliation never did. Heterogeneous responses were observed for bound and total norisoprenoids. In Cabernet Sauvignon free, bound and total 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphtalene (TDN) was consistently increased by PF3. Hedging negatively influenced Brix and anthocyanins accumulation in 2017, and increased free norisoprenoids while decreasing the bound and total fraction. Results revealed that a high level of stress possiblt caused by excess sunlight and/or reduced photosynthesis might negatively affect norisoprenoids glycosylation. / Master of Science in Life Science / This project evaluates the effect of a grapevine canopy management practice on grape quality. The objective was to find a suitable technique to expose the fruits to sunlight in order to increase grape aroma concentration and improve grape sanitary status of Virginia vineyards. Leaves were removed from the fruit zone with different intensities at two grape developmental stages, in two varieties (Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon). Treatments consisted of control, three leaves removed before blooming (PB) and three or six leaves removed after fruit set (PF3 and PF6 respectively) In an additional project with Cabernet Sauvignon, the effect of canopy height was integrated with the fruit zone defoliation. Results showed that the removal of leaves from the fruit zone is effective in improving grape sanitary status at harvest, with the improvement extent depending on the season climatic conditions and on the amount of leaves removed. Crop yield was not negatively affected by treatments. Non defoliated grapes tended to have greater acidity at harvest, while sugar responses were inconsistent. Aroma compounds responded heterogeneously to fruit zone defoliation, but volatile odorants were consistently greatest in the most exposed grapes (PF6) compared to all other treatments at harvest. Pre-bloom defoliation instead, never increased volatile aroma compounds compared to control at harvest. Generally, non-volatile odorants were greater in less severely defoliated vines or control. An overall positive effect was observed with PF3. Canopy height was demonstrated to be able to indirectly affect grape quality and composition, with the short canopy reducing grape’s sugar and color content and increasing grape’s volatile aroma compounds concentration at harvest in 2017. The removal of three or six leaves from the fruit zone in post fruit set could be a suitable practice to improve grape quality in the Virginia environment.

After heart disease, cancer is the most common cause of death in many developed countries. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between economic growth and cancer incidence. The purposes of the paper are to describe and measure the influence of an increasing real per capita income on the overall incidence of cancer. Using cross-sectional data for 162 countries, regression results with crude and age-standardised rates allow us to measure the elasticity of cancer incidence with respect to per capita income, and to decompose the elasticity coefficient into two components: age-effect and lifestyle-effect.

Yes / : Understanding how cancer incidence evolves during economic growth is useful for forecasting the economic impact of cancerous diseases, and for governing the process of resources allocation in planning health services. We analyse the relationship between economic growth and cancer incidence in order to describe and measure the influence of an increasing real per capita income on the overall rate of cancer incidence. Method:We test the relationship between real per capita income and the overall rate of cancer incidence with a cross-sectional analysis, using data from the World Bank and the World Health Organization databases, for 165 countries in 2008. We measure the elasticity of cancer incidence with respect to per capita income, and we decompose the elasticities coefficients into two components: age-effect and lifestyle-effect. Results: An Engel’s model, in a double-log quadratic specification, explains about half of the variations in the age-standardised rates and nearly two thirds of the variations in the incidence crude rates. All the elasticities of the crude rates are positive, but less than one. The income elasticity of the age-standardised rates are negative in lower income countries, and positive (around 0.25 and 0.32) in upper middle and high income countries, respectively. Conclusions:These results are used to develop a basic framework in order to explain how demand-side economic structural changes may affect the long run evolution of cancer incidence. At theoretical level, a J-Curve is a possible general model to represents, other things being equal, how economic growth influence cancer incidence.

No / Patients are increasingly being thought of as central to patient safety. A small but growing body of work suggests that patients may have a role in reporting patient safety problems within a hospital setting. This review considers this disparate body of work, aiming to establish a collective view on hospital-based patient reporting. STUDY OBJECTIVES: This review asks: (a) What can patients report? (b) In what settings can they report? (c) At what times have patients been asked to report? (d) How have patients been asked to report? METHOD: 5 databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, (Kings Fund) HMIC and PsycINFO) were searched for published literature on patient reporting of patient safety 'problems' (a number of search terms were utilised) within a hospital setting. In addition, reference lists of all included papers were checked for relevant literature. RESULTS: 13 papers were included within this review. All included papers were quality assessed using a framework for comparing both qualitative and quantitative designs, and reviewed in line with the study objectives. DISCUSSION: Patients are clearly in a position to report on patient safety, but included papers varied considerably in focus, design and analysis, with all papers lacking a theoretical underpinning. In all papers, reports were actively solicited from patients, with no evidence currently supporting spontaneous reporting. The impact of timing upon accuracy of information has yet to be established, and many vulnerable patients are not currently being included in patient reporting studies, potentially introducing bias and underestimating the scale of patient reporting. The future of patient reporting may well be as part of an 'error detection jigsaw' used alongside other methods as part of a quality improvement toolkit.

De multiples études ont rapporté une prévalence augmentée de spondylolyse et de spondylolisthésis chez certains groupes d’athlètes, en particulier les gymnastes, pouvant atteindre jusqu’à 40 à 50%. À cela s’ajoute le fait que plusieurs études récentes ont démontré une association entre le spondylolisthésis et une morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes déviante de la normale. La morphologie et l’orientation sacro-pelviennes chez les gymnastes ainsi que leur relation avec le spondylolisthésis n’ont jamais été analysées. L’objectif de cette étude était donc d’évaluer la prévalence du spondylolithésis au sein d’une cohorte de gymnastes ainsi que les caractéristiques démographiques et paramètres de morphologie et orientation sacro-pelviennes associés. Afin d’atteindre cet objectif, une évaluation des caractéristiques démographiques et des paramètres radiologiques d’une cohorte de 92 jeunes gymnastes a été menée. Les deux études présentées ont démontré une prévalence de spondylolisthésis chez les jeunes gymnastes de 6.5%, similaire à celle retrouvée dans la population générale. Le nombre d’heures d’entraînement hebdomadaire a été le seul facteur statistiquement différents entre les gymnastes avec et ceux sans spondylolisthésis. Nos résultats ont aussi démontré que les gymnastes atteints d’un spondylolisthésis présentent une morphologie et une orientation sacro-pelviennes sagittales différentes, en terme d’incidence pelvienne (p = 0.02) et d’angle de table sacrée (p = 0.036), de celles des gymnastes sans spondylolisthésis. Nos observations supportent donc l’importance du rôle de la morphologie et de l’orientation sacro-pelviennes dans le développement du spondylolisthésis. / Multiple studies have reported an increased prevalence of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in certain groups of athletes, including gymnasts, where it can reach as high as 40 to 50%. Numerous studies have shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation is different in spondylolisthesis. Sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in gymnasts and their relationship with spondylolisthesis have never been analyzed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of spondylolisthesis in a cohort of gymnasts, as well as the associated demographic characteristics and sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation. In order to achieve our goal, an evaluation of different demographic characteristics and radiological parameters was performed on a cohort of 92 young gymnasts. A 6.5 % prevalence of spondylolisthesis was found. The weekly training schedule was the only statistically significant different demographic characteristic between the two groups, with and without spondylolisthesis. Our results have also shown that sagittal sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation, in terms of pelvic incidence (p = 0.02) and sacral table angle (p = 0.036), is different between gymnasts with and without spondylolisthesis. In conclusion, our observations support the importance of sacro-pelvic morphology and orientation in spondylolisthesis.