Cette thèse traite de la modélisation micromécanique de composites viscoélastiques via une approche incrémentale(Al) proposée par Lahellec et Suquet (2007). En plus d'être fondée sur un cadre thermodynamique rigoureux, 1' Al permet une résolution du problème local dans l'espace-temps réel (i.e. sans passage dans l'espace de Laplace). Le premier objectif est d'élargir le spectre d'application de I' Al en termes de lois viscoélastiques locales et de microstructures. Le second objectif est de tenter d'introduire au sein de l'AI la prise en compte des effets de couplage entre la viscoélasticité et la température (couplage thermoélastique mais aussi l'échauffement induit par la dissipation viscoélastique). Tout d'abord, I' Al est codée en Python• puis le programme validé pour des lois viscoélastiques linéaires simples, des microstructures et des chargements déjà étudiés dans les travaux de Lahellec et Suquet. Une seconde partie opère une généralisation théorique de l'AI à de multiples variables internes, non nécessairement déviatoriques et des phases non nécessairement isotropes. Les différentes extensions sont validées progressivement par confrontations aux solutions exactes de référence (champs complets) et en particulier l'efficacité de I' Al étendue à traiter des matrices de type Maxwell généralisé (sans et avec déformations volumiques anélastiques). Cette partie se termine par une démonstration concrète de la possible associat on de l'AI à trois schémas d'homogénéisation (Mori-Tanaka, Double Inclusion, schéma de Malekmohammadi et al. (2014)) en vue de traiter diverses morphologies (composites à fibres, à particules, et à copeaux anisotropes de bois lamellés). La dernière partie traite du couplage entre la viscoélasticité et la température au sein de l'AI. Les versions initiale et discrétisée dans le temps du problème hétérogène thermoviscoélastique fortement couplé sont formulées. Puis, plusieurs degrés de couplage sont envisagés selon une approche progressive des difficultés. Le cas du seul couplage thermoélastique est tout d'abord étudié (couplage de la thermique vers la mécanique, sans résolution de l'équation de la cha leur). les estimations obtenues pour plusieurs chargements thermomécaniques imposés à un milieu périodique contenant des fibres élastiques, thermoélastiques puis thermoviscoélastiques,dans une matrice thermoviscoélastique sont confrontées avec succès aux solutions de référence. Enfin, la résolution simultanée de l'équation de la chaleur est abordée en intégrant comme terme source la dissipation viscoélastique au sein de la matrice en plus du terme de couplage thermoélastique, les fibres étant considérées élastiques. Les évolutions de la température et de la réponse globales révèlent des tendances cohérentes. / This study is devoted to the micromechanical modeling of viscoelastic composites using an incremental approach (IA) due to Lahellec and Suquet (2007). ln addition to be based on a rigorous thermodynamic framework, the IA allows solving the heterogeneous viscoelastic problem in the real time domain (i.e. without the Laplace transform). The first aim is to extend the IA application range in terms of local linear viscoelastic laws and microstructures. The second one is to attempt to introduce the coupling effects between the viscoelasticity and the temperature within the IA framework. First, the IA is coded in Python• and the program validated for simple viscoelastic laws, and for microstructures and loading paths already studied in Lahellec and Suquet (2007). The second part focuses on a theoretical generalization of the IA for many internal variables which are not necessarily deviatoric and for anisotropie phases. The resulting estlmates are progressively validated by confrontation to reference so lutions (full -field simulations) and especially the IA ability to deal with matrices described by generalized Maxwell laws (without and with volumetric anelastic strains). This part ends with a demonstration of the possible association of the IA with three linear homogenization schemes (Mori-Tanaka, Lielen's interpolation, scheme of Malekmohammadi et al. (2014)) in order to deal with various morphologies (fiber or part icle reinforced composites, wood strand-based composites). The last part focuses on the coupling between the viscoelasticity and the temperature within the IA framework. The initial and time discretized versions of the strongly coupled local problem are formulated. Then, increasing coupling levels are envisioned for a progressive approach of the solving procedure. The thermoelastic coupling, alone, is first studied (effect of the thermies on mechanics, without solving the heat equation). The resulting estimates for a periodic microstructure with elastic, thermoelastic then thermoviscoelastic fibers, in a thermoviscoelastic matrix are successfully compared to reference solutions. At last, the heat equation is simultaneously solved by taklng into account the viscoelastic dissipation within the matrix as a source term, in addition to the thermoelastic coupling term. The evolutions of the global temperature and response reveal relevant tendencies.

Bounded Verification is an effective technique for finding subtle bugs in object-oriented programs. Given a program, its correctness specification and bounds on the input domain size, scope bounded checking translates bounded code segments into formulas in boolean logic and uses off the shelf satisfiability solvers to search for correctness violations. However, scalability is a key issue of the technique, since for non-trivial programs, the formulas are often complex and can choke the solvers. This thesis describes approaches which aim to scale scope bounded checking by utilizing syntactic and semantic information from the code to split a program into sub-programs which can be checked incrementally. It presents a thorough evaluation of the approaches and compares their performance with existing bounded verification techniques. Novel ideas for future work, specifically a specification slicing driven splitting approach, are proposed to further improve the scalability of bounded verification. / text

Cette thèse a pour objectif la génération de séquences de franchissement dans les Réseaux de Petri Temporisés (RdPT) en utilisant une approche incrémentale. Le verrou principal auquel est confronté ce travail est l’explosion combinatoire qui résulte de la construction classique du graphe d’accessibilité du RdPT. Nous proposons d’utiliser la notion de séquence de steps temporisés, afin d’exprimer progressivement l’ensemble des séquences de franchissements permettant de passer d’un état courant à un état cible. La notion de step temporisé correspond à une abstraction logique du comportement du système considéré. Le caractère incrémental de l’approche a pour objectif de gagner en efficacité. En effet, il consiste à exprimer tout nouvel état de la résolution par rapport à une profondeur K+1, en fonction d’un état atteint à la profondeur K. Ainsi, nous proposons plusieurs algorithmes de recherche incrémentale permettant d'améliorer l'efficacité de la résolution des problèmes d'accessibilité. Nous utilisons ensuite la programmation par contraintes pour modéliser le problème de recherche d’accessibilité dans un RdPT et mettre en œuvre notre approche incrémentale. Notre approche permet également d’ajouter des contraintes spécifiques à un contexte de résolution. Nous avons notamment utilisé cette possibilité pour proposer des techniques d'identification des jetons dans un RdPT borné, dans le cadre de la reconfiguration des systèmes manufacturiers. Nous concluons par l’évaluation de différentes applications constituant des « benchmarks » permettant d’illustrer l'efficacité des approches proposées / This PhD thesis is dedicated to the generation of firing sequences in Timed Petri Net (TPN) using an incremental approach. To reduce the influence of the well-known combinatorial explosion issue, a unique sequence of timed steps is introduced to represent implicitly the underlying reachability graph of the TPN, without needing its whole construction. This sequence of timed steps is developed based on the logical abstraction technique. The advantage of the incremental approach is that it can express any state just from the last step information, instead of representing all states before.Several incremental search algorithms are introduced to improve the efficiency of our methodology. Constraint programming techniques are used to model and solve our incremental model, in which search strategies are developed that can search for solutions more efficiently. Our methodology can be used to add specific constraints to model realistic systems. Token identification techniques are developed to handle token confusion issues that appear when addressing the reconfiguration of manufacturing systems. Experimental benchmarks illustrate the effectiveness of approaches proposed in this thesis

O constante aumento da demanda de energia elétrica sobre as redes e a necessidade de interligação de sistemas através de longas linhas de transmissão, culminaram em problemas relacionados à estabilidade do sistema de potência multimáquinas. Tais problemas envolvem oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência classicadas como modos interáreas. Os modos interáreas são caracterizados por oscilações de frequências de até 1Hz e representam oscilações de um grupo de geradores de uma área contra grupos de geradores de outras áreas. Umavezqueoempregodeestabilizadoresdesistemasdepotência(ESP)possanãosersucienteparagarantirumamortecimentoadequadoaessesmodos,osdispositivosFACTSsurgem como uma alternativa ecaz para o amortecimento de oscilações de baixa frequência. Para este m, o Capacitor Série Controlado por Tiristor (TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) é um dispositivo FACTS comumente empregado e quando utilizado juntamente com um controlador suplementar para amortecimento de oscilações de potência (POD - Power Oscillation Damping) garante ao sistema de potência estabilidade e amortecimento adequado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é realizar o projeto coordenado de controladores ESP e TCSC-POD efetuando um ajuste incremental dos parâmetros dos controladores através da formulação do problema por otimização e programação quadrática. Tal técnica foi utilizada anteriormente somente para o projeto de ESPs. No caso deste trabalho será feita uma adaptação para estender a possibilidade de aplicação da metodologia para casos com dispositivos FACTS presentes. / The increasing demand for electricity over networks and the need for systems interconnection through long transmission lines, resulted in problems related to the multi-machine power systemstability. Theseproblemsinvolvelowfrequencyoscillationsclassiedasinterareasmodes. These modes are characterized by oscillations in frequencies up to 1 Hz, and represent a group of generators from one area oscillating against generator groups from other areas. Once the use of power system stabilyzers (PSS) controllers may not be sucient to ensure adequate damping to these modes, the FACTS devices emerge as an ecient alternative to damping low frequency oscillations. For this purpose, the TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)isacommonlyusedFACTSdeviceandwhenitisusedtogetherwithasupplementary controller POD (Power Oscillation Damping), ensures stability to power system and adequate damping. These controllers have the same structure as the PSS controllers. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out the coordinated design of PSS and TCSC-POD controllers, performing an incremental adjustment of the controllers parameters by formulating the problem as an optimization problem using quadratic programming. This method was previously used only for PSS design. In the case of this work, it is made an adaptation to extend the applicability of the methodology for cases in which there are FACTS devices present.

O constante aumento da demanda de energia elétrica sobre as redes e a necessidade de interligação de sistemas através de longas linhas de transmissão, culminaram em problemas relacionados à estabilidade do sistema de potência multimáquinas. Tais problemas envolvem oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência classicadas como modos interáreas. Os modos interáreas são caracterizados por oscilações de frequências de até 1Hz e representam oscilações de um grupo de geradores de uma área contra grupos de geradores de outras áreas. Umavezqueoempregodeestabilizadoresdesistemasdepotência(ESP)possanãosersucienteparagarantirumamortecimentoadequadoaessesmodos,osdispositivosFACTSsurgem como uma alternativa ecaz para o amortecimento de oscilações de baixa frequência. Para este m, o Capacitor Série Controlado por Tiristor (TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) é um dispositivo FACTS comumente empregado e quando utilizado juntamente com um controlador suplementar para amortecimento de oscilações de potência (POD - Power Oscillation Damping) garante ao sistema de potência estabilidade e amortecimento adequado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é realizar o projeto coordenado de controladores ESP e TCSC-POD efetuando um ajuste incremental dos parâmetros dos controladores através da formulação do problema por otimização e programação quadrática. Tal técnica foi utilizada anteriormente somente para o projeto de ESPs. No caso deste trabalho será feita uma adaptação para estender a possibilidade de aplicação da metodologia para casos com dispositivos FACTS presentes. / The increasing demand for electricity over networks and the need for systems interconnection through long transmission lines, resulted in problems related to the multi-machine power systemstability. Theseproblemsinvolvelowfrequencyoscillationsclassiedasinterareasmodes. These modes are characterized by oscillations in frequencies up to 1 Hz, and represent a group of generators from one area oscillating against generator groups from other areas. Once the use of power system stabilyzers (PSS) controllers may not be sucient to ensure adequate damping to these modes, the FACTS devices emerge as an ecient alternative to damping low frequency oscillations. For this purpose, the TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)isacommonlyusedFACTSdeviceandwhenitisusedtogetherwithasupplementary controller POD (Power Oscillation Damping), ensures stability to power system and adequate damping. These controllers have the same structure as the PSS controllers. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out the coordinated design of PSS and TCSC-POD controllers, performing an incremental adjustment of the controllers parameters by formulating the problem as an optimization problem using quadratic programming. This method was previously used only for PSS design. In the case of this work, it is made an adaptation to extend the applicability of the methodology for cases in which there are FACTS devices present.

Cette thèse s'intéresse à l'étude des problèmes de diagnostic des fautes sur les systèmes à événements discrets en utilisant les modèles réseau de Petri. Des techniques d'exploration incrémentale et à-la-volée sont développées pour combattre le problème de l'explosion de l'état lors de l'analyse de la diagnosticabilité. Dans le contexte atemporel, la diagnosticabilité de modèles RdP-L est abordée par l'analyse d'une série de problèmes K-diagnosticabilité. L'analyse de la diagnosticabilité est effectuée sur la base de deux modèles nommés respectivement FM-graph et FM-set tree qui sont développés à-la-volée. Un diagnostiqueur peut être dérivé à partir du FM-set tree pour le diagnostic en ligne. Dans le contexte temporel, les techniques de fractionnement des intervalles de temps sont élaborées pour développer représentation de l'espace d'état des RdP-LT pour laquelle des techniques d'analyse de la diagnosticabilité peuvent être utilisées. Sur cette base, les conditions nécessaires et suffisantes pour la diagnosticabilité de RdP-LT ont été déterminées. En pratique, l'analyse de la diagnosticabilité est effectuée sur la base de la construction à-la-volée d'une structure nommée ASG et qui contient des informations relatives à l'occurrence de fautes. D'une manière générale, l'analyse effectuée sur la base des techniques à-la-volée et incrémentale permet de construire et explorer seulement une partie de l'espace d'état, même lorsque le système est diagnosticable. Les résultats des simulations effectuées sur certains benchmarks montrent l'efficacité de ces techniques en termes de temps et de mémoire par rapport aux approches traditionnelles basées sur l'énumération des états / This PhD thesis deals with fault diagnosis of discrete event systems using Petri net models. Some on-the-fly and incremental techniques are developed to reduce the state explosion problem while analyzing diagnosability. In the untimed context, an algebraic representation for labeled Petri nets (LPNs) is developed for featuring system behavior. The diagnosability of LPN models is tackled by analyzing a series of K-diagnosability problems. Two models called respectively FM-graph and FM-set tree are developed and built on the fly to record the necessary information for diagnosability analysis. Finally, a diagnoser is derived from the FM-set tree for online diagnosis. In the timed context, time interval splitting techniques are developed in order to make it possible to generate a state representation of labeled time Petri net (LTPN) models, for which techniques from the untimed context can be used to analyze diagnosability. Based on this, necessary and sufficient conditions for the diagnosability of LTPN models are determined. Moreover, we provide the solution for the minimum delay ∆ that ensures diagnosability. From a practical point of view, diagnosability analysis is performed on the basis of on-the-fly building of a structure that we call ASG and which holds fault information about the LTPN states. Generally, using on-the-fly analysis and incremental technique makes it possible to build and investigate only a part of the state space, even in the case when the system is diagnosable. Simulation results obtained on some chosen benchmarks show the efficiency in terms of time and memory compared with the traditional approaches using state enumeration