As empresas historicamente voltadas à produção de bens manufaturados têm enfrentado uma série de desafios ao longo das últimas décadas. Notadamente o acirramento da competitividade nos diversos mercados tem contribuído para com que diversos produtos sejam transformados em commodities com qualidade e desempenho similares. A disputa entre os players deixa de ser baseada em liderança tecnológica e tende a se resumir à busca por menores custos de produção. Paralelamente, cresce a consciência em diversos atores da sociedade em relação às questões ambientais e, consequentemente, a pressão sobre as indústrias para que contribuam com a criação de uma sociedade mais sustentável. A criação de pacotes que combinam produtos e serviços para entregar valor em uso ou via realização de uma função é uma estratégia que tem sido estudada para contornar os desafios citados. A criação e oferta de um Sistema Produto-Serviço (PSS – do inglês Product-Service System) por uma empresa de manufatura tem potencial para contribuir nas três perspectivas da sustentabilidade, mas traz alguns desafios. O desenvolvimento de produtos e de serviços deve ser feito de forma integrada, considerando seus relacionamentos e, muitas vezes, o modelo de negócios da empresa acaba sendo modificado. Para contornar os desafios relacionados ao desenvolvimento, existem modelos genéricos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS propostos para que as empresas definam seus próprios modelos específicos. Esses modelos foram propostos para diferentes contextos de desenvolvimento e normalmente carregam os vieses de seus autores, apresentando pontos fortes e limitações. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um framework para definir modelos de processos específicos de desenvolvimento de Sistemas Produto-Serviço. Para tanto este trabalho utiliza o paradigma do método hipotético-dedutivo e a abordagem metodológica DRM (Design Research Methodology). Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados são: painel de especialistas, linguística de corpus e semântica de frames, focus group, estudo de caso, revisão bibliográfica sistemática e análise de conteúdo. Foi possível obter três contribuições inéditas: um conjunto de 310 atividades-síntese; a análise de 15 modelos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS; e o framework propriamente dito. As duas primeiras são contribuições à teoria. As atividades-síntese correspondem a todas as atividades de desenvolvimento de PSS previstas nos modelos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS disponíveis na literatura, constituindo seu estado da arte. A análise dos modelos de processo evidenciou objetivamente os seus diferentes perfis, com cada modelo priorizando determinadas categorias de atividades em detrimento de outras. O framework criado foi testado em dois projetos de desenvolvimento de PSS em duas startups, e constitui uma contribuição aos praticantes nas indústrias, que podem utilizá-lo para definir seus modelos de processos específicos de desenvolvimento de PSS a partir de uma base mais abrangente de atividades que em qualquer um dos 15 modelos genéricos analisados. / Companies historically focused on the production of manufactured goods have faced a number of challenges over the past few decades. Notably, the intensification of competitiveness in the various markets has contributed to the transformation of various products into commodities of similar quality and performance. The dispute between players ceases to be based on technological leadership and tends to be limited to the search for lower production costs. At the same time, rises the awareness of various actors in society regarding environmental issues and, consequently, the pressure on industries to contribute to the creation of a more sustainable society. The creation of products and services bundles to deliver value in use or through the performance of a function is a strategy that has been studied to overcome the aforementioned challenges. The creation and offering of a Product-Service System (PSS) by a manufacturing company has the potential to contribute to the three perspectives of sustainability, but it also poses some challenges. The development of products and services must be done in an integrated way, considering their relationships and, often, the company\'s business model has to be changed. In order to overcome the development challenges, there are generic PSS development process models proposed for companies to define their own specific models. These models have been proposed for different development contexts and usually carry the biases of their authors, thus presenting strengths and limitations. The present work aims to propose a framework for defining specific process models to develop Product-Service Systems. For this, this work uses the paradigm of the hypothetical-deductive method and the DRM (Design Research Methodology) methodological approach. The research methods used are: experts\' panel, corpus linguistics and frame semantics, focus group, case study, systematic literature review and content analysis. It was possible to obtain three unpublished contributions: the set of 310 synthesis activities; the analysis of the 15 PSS development process models; and the framework itself. The first two are contributions to theory. The synthesis activities correspond to all the PSS development activities prescribed by the PSS development process models available in the literature, constituting its state of the art. The analysis of the process models objectively evidenced their different profiles, with each model prioritizing certain categories of activities in comparison to others. The framework created was applied to two PSS design project in two startups, being a contribution to practitioners in industries that can use it to define their specific PSS development processes models from a broader base of activities than in any of the 15 generic models analyzed.

As empresas historicamente voltadas à produção de bens manufaturados têm enfrentado uma série de desafios ao longo das últimas décadas. Notadamente o acirramento da competitividade nos diversos mercados tem contribuído para com que diversos produtos sejam transformados em commodities com qualidade e desempenho similares. A disputa entre os players deixa de ser baseada em liderança tecnológica e tende a se resumir à busca por menores custos de produção. Paralelamente, cresce a consciência em diversos atores da sociedade em relação às questões ambientais e, consequentemente, a pressão sobre as indústrias para que contribuam com a criação de uma sociedade mais sustentável. A criação de pacotes que combinam produtos e serviços para entregar valor em uso ou via realização de uma função é uma estratégia que tem sido estudada para contornar os desafios citados. A criação e oferta de um Sistema Produto-Serviço (PSS – do inglês Product-Service System) por uma empresa de manufatura tem potencial para contribuir nas três perspectivas da sustentabilidade, mas traz alguns desafios. O desenvolvimento de produtos e de serviços deve ser feito de forma integrada, considerando seus relacionamentos e, muitas vezes, o modelo de negócios da empresa acaba sendo modificado. Para contornar os desafios relacionados ao desenvolvimento, existem modelos genéricos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS propostos para que as empresas definam seus próprios modelos específicos. Esses modelos foram propostos para diferentes contextos de desenvolvimento e normalmente carregam os vieses de seus autores, apresentando pontos fortes e limitações. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo propor um framework para definir modelos de processos específicos de desenvolvimento de Sistemas Produto-Serviço. Para tanto este trabalho utiliza o paradigma do método hipotético-dedutivo e a abordagem metodológica DRM (Design Research Methodology). Os métodos de pesquisa utilizados são: painel de especialistas, linguística de corpus e semântica de frames, focus group, estudo de caso, revisão bibliográfica sistemática e análise de conteúdo. Foi possível obter três contribuições inéditas: um conjunto de 310 atividades-síntese; a análise de 15 modelos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS; e o framework propriamente dito. As duas primeiras são contribuições à teoria. As atividades-síntese correspondem a todas as atividades de desenvolvimento de PSS previstas nos modelos de processo de desenvolvimento de PSS disponíveis na literatura, constituindo seu estado da arte. A análise dos modelos de processo evidenciou objetivamente os seus diferentes perfis, com cada modelo priorizando determinadas categorias de atividades em detrimento de outras. O framework criado foi testado em dois projetos de desenvolvimento de PSS em duas startups, e constitui uma contribuição aos praticantes nas indústrias, que podem utilizá-lo para definir seus modelos de processos específicos de desenvolvimento de PSS a partir de uma base mais abrangente de atividades que em qualquer um dos 15 modelos genéricos analisados. / Companies historically focused on the production of manufactured goods have faced a number of challenges over the past few decades. Notably, the intensification of competitiveness in the various markets has contributed to the transformation of various products into commodities of similar quality and performance. The dispute between players ceases to be based on technological leadership and tends to be limited to the search for lower production costs. At the same time, rises the awareness of various actors in society regarding environmental issues and, consequently, the pressure on industries to contribute to the creation of a more sustainable society. The creation of products and services bundles to deliver value in use or through the performance of a function is a strategy that has been studied to overcome the aforementioned challenges. The creation and offering of a Product-Service System (PSS) by a manufacturing company has the potential to contribute to the three perspectives of sustainability, but it also poses some challenges. The development of products and services must be done in an integrated way, considering their relationships and, often, the company\'s business model has to be changed. In order to overcome the development challenges, there are generic PSS development process models proposed for companies to define their own specific models. These models have been proposed for different development contexts and usually carry the biases of their authors, thus presenting strengths and limitations. The present work aims to propose a framework for defining specific process models to develop Product-Service Systems. For this, this work uses the paradigm of the hypothetical-deductive method and the DRM (Design Research Methodology) methodological approach. The research methods used are: experts\' panel, corpus linguistics and frame semantics, focus group, case study, systematic literature review and content analysis. It was possible to obtain three unpublished contributions: the set of 310 synthesis activities; the analysis of the 15 PSS development process models; and the framework itself. The first two are contributions to theory. The synthesis activities correspond to all the PSS development activities prescribed by the PSS development process models available in the literature, constituting its state of the art. The analysis of the process models objectively evidenced their different profiles, with each model prioritizing certain categories of activities in comparison to others. The framework created was applied to two PSS design project in two startups, being a contribution to practitioners in industries that can use it to define their specific PSS development processes models from a broader base of activities than in any of the 15 generic models analyzed.

The competition and increasing customers‘ demands makes traditional manufacturing companies consider new ways of differentiate themselves. One way of doing this is to develop product service system (PSS) solutions. PSS solutions are a total offering, where the customer purchases the use of a solution instead of a physical product. This bachelor thesis within the School of Innovation Design and Engineering at Mälardalen University aims to determine the success factor of PSS development at ICT and AM, which are two traditional Swedish manufacturing companies. To do this, the main challenges of transforming ICT and AM into PSS providers will be identified. The thesis also aims to determine if there is a need for change of performance measurements and key performance indicators (KPIs) to enable this transformation. A theoretical review is presented to help the readers in the understanding of the thesis areas. Interviews at ICT and AM were made to get a view of the situations at the companies considering PSS development. The information gathered at the interviews stated the major challenges of transforming both companies into PSS developers. With the theoretical framework and the stated challenges, an analysis was made to determine the success factors of PSS development.The identified success factors of PSS development were Senior management clarification of strategic intent, Cultural change management, Teamwork culture, Internal communication mechanisms, External communication mechanism, Customer relationship, Motivating breakthrough ideas, Project core competency, Cross-functional collaboration, Cross-functional development, Allocation of resources, Training and education, Knowledge management, Customer satisfaction data, Risk management, Product positioning, Portfolio of product opportunities, Product functional content, Knowledge of market potential, Product service processes, Product environment, Development process, Responsibilities of team members, Concurrent development, Internal task coordination, Organizational readiness for sales, Internal marketing and External marketing.Based on the theoretical framework and interviews a statement was made; it is crucial to change the performance measurement and KPIs if implementing PSS, to support collaboration between departments and contribute to the overall success for the companies.

Detta examensarbete behandlar dynamiska vindkraftmodeller i simuleringsprogrammet Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) som används av Svenska Kraftnät vid analyser av det svenska stamnätet. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att förenkla Svenska Kraftnäts hantering av vindkraftmodeller vid olika analyser av nya vindkraftparker som ska kopplas in på stamnätet. Detta gjordes genom att undersöka om dagens modellering av vindkraft, bestående av negativa laster och tillverkarspecifika vindkraftmodeller, kan ersättas av en generisk representation med de modeller som finns inbyggda i PSS/E. Rapporten ger en teoretisk beskrivning av vilka tekniker som används i vindkraften idag och hur de vindkraftmodeller som används i PSS/E är utformade. För de inbyggda modellerna i PSS/E har både vindkraftverk med dubbelmatad asynkrongenerator (DFIG) och vindkraftverk med fulleffektomriktare studerats. Resultaten visar att en generisk representation av vindkraftverk med DFIG kan göras med den inbyggda modellen i PSS/E med de parametervärden som finns rekommenderade i denna rapport. I den inbyggda modellen för fulleffektomriktare finns dock begränsningar som gör det olämpligt att använda en generisk representation för denna vindkraftstyp. Övriga slutsatser som dragits är att de inbyggda vindkraftmodellerna i PSS/E inte är tillräckligt flexibla för att fullständigt kunna representera ett dynamiskt beteende från en godtycklig tillverkare i händelse av ett systemfel. / This thesis deals with dynamic wind turbine models in Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) used by Svenska Kraftnät for analysis of the national power grid. The objective of the thesis is to see whether vendor specific wind turbine models for dynamic simulations can be replaced by the built-in wind turbine models in PSS/E. Both doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and full converter wind turbines are studied. Results show that a generic representation using the built-in PSS/E model can be used for DFIG turbines with the parameters recommended in this thesis. However, limitations in the built-in model for full converter wind turbines made a generic representation infeasible in PSS/E. In summary, the built-in models are not yet flexible enough to fully fit the transient behavior of an arbitrary vendor specific wind turbine in case of system faults.

Introduktion: Psykologisk stress är ett sympatiskt påslag som imiterar en flyktreaktion i kroppens nervsystem genom utsöndring av adrenalin, kortisol och noradrenalin i blodet– detta bidrar i sin tur med förhöjt blodtryck och muskelspänningar i kroppen som kan ligga till grund bakom ett flertal sjukdomar. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka om det fanns signifikanta skillnader i stressnivåer mellan svenska kvinnliga konståkare och svenska kvinnor som inte utövade någon idrott, samt att undersöka om åldern 18–21 år, respektive 22–26 år kunde ge ett annorlunda resultat i den upplevda stressen mellan grupperna. Metod: Genom användning av verktyget "PSS-14" genomfördes en online enkätundersökning inom Sverige där den uppskattade stressen under den senaste månaden mättes hos kvinnor. Studien bestod av 100 svenska kvinnliga deltagare, 18–26 år. 51 deltagare var svenska kvinnliga konståkare och 49 deltagare var kvinnor som inte var medlemmar i en idrottsförening. Resultat: Medelvärdet i PSS–14 för totala andelen kvinnliga konståkarna var 27,92 poäng ± 8,57, och 27.04 poäng ± 7,68 för kvinnor som inte var medlemmar i en svensk idrottsförening. Inga signifikanta skillnader upptäcktes mellan gruppen konståkare och icke konståkare, åldrarna för undergrupperna visade sig även sakna en statistisk signifikans efter ett parametriskt t-test. Konklusion: Samtliga grupper indikerade ett medelvärde som var högre än tidigare studier efter ha besvarat enkäten PSS–14. Det upptäcktes dock inga signifikanta skillnader i stressnivåer mellan någon av grupperna. Däremot visades det att icke idrottande kvinnor 22–26 år indikerade en lägre upplevd stressnivå än de övriga grupperna, dock inte signifikant.

Syftet med denna undersökning var att studera ifall det fanns någon skillnad i stressnivå mellan lärare i olika undervisningsämnen. Tidigare forskning visar att lärare i olika ämnen lägger ner olika mycket tid i undervisningsprocessen (planering, undervisning, dokumentation och bedömning/återkoppling). De lärare som undervisar i praktiska ämnen lägger ner 4% mindre tid på undervisningsprocessen i jämförelse med ämneskategori 5 (kategoriöverskridande ämneskombinationer). Studien involverar 139 grundskolelärare från södra Sverige som fick besvara frågeformuläret. Resultatet i studien visar på att det inte finns någon signifikant skillnad i stressnivå hos lärare beroende på undervisningsämne. Slutsatsen är således att ingen hänsyn behöver tas till undervisningsämne för att minska stressnivåerna inom skolan.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-17T13:48:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliane Chaves Cardone_.pdf: 641420 bytes, checksum: 3948034e49ff368b5c4a3e264dec0513 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T13:48:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliane Chaves Cardone_.pdf: 641420 bytes, checksum: 3948034e49ff368b5c4a3e264dec0513 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-31 / Nenhuma / A oferta de um Sistema de Produto-Serviço (PSS) objetiva fornecer valor em uso a partir de soluções integradas que otimizam os processos dos clientes. Sob a ótica do ciclo de vida de um PSS, a literatura carece de estudos que explorem no âmbito do uso, aspectos como: gestão, contratos, relacionamentos em contextos corporativos, integração, co-produção, falhas e seus riscos. Este estudo tem como objetivo contribuir com a literatura de PSS propondo diretrizes que possam apoiar os gestores de uma empresa fornecedora de PSS na gestão da fase de uso do ciclo de vida. A pesquisa, considerada estudo de caso único, foi realizada sob a ótica da empresa fornecedora do PSS através de entrevistas com gerentes, que possuem conhecimento das estratégias de gestão ofertadas pela empresa e amplo domínio dos aspectos citados. Os resultados da pesquisa sugerem dificuldades de gestão na fase de uso a partir do excesso das improvisações contratuais, pelas limitações oriundas do frágil relacionamento com o cliente, pela falta de integração entre as partes, da co-produção que acaba beneficiando apenas uma das partes e das falhas de gestão que incorrem riscos para a empresa. No entanto, o estímulo para a descentralização da gestão contribui positivamente para o desenvolvimento de uma nova perspectiva do ciclo de vida do PSS e que favoreça, além da esfera gerencial, os atores envolvidos nesse gerenciamento. As diretrizes propostas centram-se primordialmente em relacionamento e integração e objetivam melhorar o desempenho da fase de uso do o ciclo de vida do PSS. / The offer of a Product-Service System (PSS) aims to provide value-in-use from integrated solutions that optimize customer processes. From the perspective of the life cycle of a PSS, the literature lacks studies that explore the use scope, aspects such as: management, contracts, relationships in corporate contexts, integration, co-production, failures and their risks. This study aims to contribute with the literature of PSS proposing guidelines that can support the managers of a PSS supplier in the management phase of the use of the life cycle. The research, considered as a single case study, was carried out from the point of view of the PSS supplier through interviews with managers, who are knowledgeable about the management strategies offered by the company and have mastery of the mentioned aspects. The results of the research suggest management difficulties in the usage phase, due to the excess of contractual improvisations, the limitations stemming from the fragile relationship with the client, lack of integration between the parties, the co-production benefiting only one side and management failures that pose risks to the company. However, the stimulus for the decentralization of the management contributes positively to the development of a new perspective of the PSS life cycle and that favours, besides the managerial sphere, the actors involved in this management. The proposed guidelines focus primarily on relationship and integration and aim to improve the performance of the use phase of the PSS life cycle.

In most of the fields, manufacturers are continuously pushed by the market to provide turnkey solutions to the clients. This phenomenon is especially appearing in recycled water projects since the water treatment technology is very specific and complicated to operate. To understand this trend, a real case study is conducted in Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies (VWS) in Australia. This thesis analyses the main reasons for VWS to propose Product/Service System (PSS) and the tools and methods used to provide such a solution. The internal structure of the company and its supply network are studied to understand the balance and VWS trade-off between technical risk decreasing, time to market reduction, innovation development and know-how protection. The role of synergies by VWS group companies is raised as a key to achieve the proper balance. These synergies are the result of the company strategy to focus on innovation rather than on know-how protection while the PSS structure and network provide great opportunities for time to market reduction and risk decreasing with optimized communication between stakeholders.

This dissertation presents different aspects of long-term contract for product service system (PSS); also different issues that companies are dealt for implementation of PSS. The study consists of literature review for understanding factors which can affect long-term PSS contracts. Different generic categories of green business models which are used in PSS contracts have been addressed and in addition, various models of contracts for PSS in industries have been identified too. The important factors which can influence these types of contracts are categorized in six major aspects organizational, social, economic, technological, legal and environmental. Each of these factors separately has been analyzed by reviewing related literature. Moreover a general evaluation about effect of each factor in other influential factors has been presented. In respect of long duration of contract, the rate of uncertainty is higher than traditional method of buying a product. Here, problems which are related to each of these factors have been addressed. Moreover, different approaches of companies for these problems have been discussed which these solutions can be useful for other providers in similar situation.

Multimedia streaming is one of the killer applications for cellular communications. Although the 3GPP proposes the Packet-Switched Streaming (PSS) protocol to support the multimedia streaming services, the performances are still not good enough. To improve the performances, most of the researches divide the cellular networks into two parts: the wired network and the wireless network, and focus on the wireless network part. Hence the adaptive streaming was proposed. It utilizes the RTCP feedback in RTP to monitor the wireless network, and makes appropriate transmission parameters adjustments to prevent from buffer underflow and packet loss. But the overall performance may not be only limited by the wireless network part. Also, with high mobility, the link quality may be influenced severely by many factors. Hence, we will evaluate the performance of streaming services over 3G cellular networks on the train of Taiwan high speed railway in this paper and propose a mechanism to improve the performance.