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The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments originating from human consumption has received increased scientific attention during the last decades due to concerns regarding their combined environmental effects. This concerns stress the need of studies quantifying dissipation rates of pharmaceutical in aquatic ecosystems. The aims of this study were: i) to assess the degradation rates of trimethoprim (TPR), diphenhydramine (DPH), diclofenac (DCL), oxazepam (OXZ) and hydroxyzine (HDZ) in laboratory incubations, and ii) to compare laboratory assessment of dissipation rates with previously measured in situ half-lives of these drugs in a pond ecosystem. I hypothesized that the dissipation of these five drugs dissolved, in laboratory incubations, is affected by common environmental parameters such as temperature, UV-light, organic solutes and presences of sediments. In line with my hypothesis, all substances were affected by my treatments. Here, main parameters affecting the dissipation of the drugs were UV light and to a lesser temperature (i.e. through microbial degradation). All drugs were found to be affected by sediment sorption, especially HDZ where 95 % of the applied pharmaceutical was adsorbed. Laboratory estimate with highest environmental relevance (low TOC and 3 °C water temperature or low TOC, sediments and UV light) seemed to predict field estimates fairly well for all of the drugs beside OXZ and DCL. Given the strong adsorption for sediments seen in the laboratory incubations, it seems likely that the mismatch between laboratory inferred half-lives and the in situ half-lives for OXZ was likely caused by sediment exchange processes releasing drugs initially adsorbed to the sediments into water column over time.

Yes / Understanding skin metabolism is key to improve in vitro to in vivo extrapolations used to inform risk assessments of topically applied products. However, published literature is scarce and usually covers a limited and non-representative number of donors. We developed a protocol to handle and store ex vivo skin samples post-surgery and prepare skin S9 fractions to measure the metabolic activity of Phase II enzymes. Preincubation of an excess of cofactors at 37 °C for fifteen minutes in the S9 before introduction of the testing probe, greatly increased the stability of the enzymes. Using this standardised assay, the rates of sulphation (SULT) and glucuronidation (UGT) of 7-hydroxycoumarin, methylation (COMT) of dopamine and N-acetylation (NAT) of procainamide were measured in the ng/mg protein/h (converted to ng/cm2/h) range in eighty-seven individuals. Glutathione conjugation (GST) of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was assessed in a smaller pool of fifty donors; the metabolic rate was much faster and measured over six minutes using a different methodology to express rates in μg/mg protein/min (converted to μg/cm2/min). A comprehensive statistical analysis of these results was carried out, separating donors by age, gender and metabolic rate measured.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre os parâmetros para validação de metodologia para teste de esterilidade. As qualificações das instalações e dos operadores são consideradas etapas integrantes na validação analítica, cuja finalidade abrange minimizar a ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Foram comparadas as eficiências de três métodos de teste de esterilidade empregando inoculação direta, inoculação indireta nos moldes convencionais e inoculação indireta em sistema fechado quanto à detecção do crescimento de diferentes tipos de microrganismos normalmente encontrados como contaminantes em produtos farmacêuticos Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Staphylococcus aureus. Cada um deles foi inoculado em amostras constituídas de frascos plásticos de 10 mL de solução fisiológica em três diferentes níveis de contaminação: 5, 10 e 50 UFC/10 mL. Utilizou-se nos testes diferentes tipos de meios de cultura meio de caseína de soja, meio de tioglicolato, meio Sabouraud e meio Clausen bem como distintas temperaturas de incubação 12, 22, 32 e 42 ºC durante um período de incubação de 28 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que as metodologias aplicadas apresentam diferenças significativas na eficiência de detecção de contaminantes, mesmo quando atendidas condições de equivalência quanto ao número de amostras e volume unitário submetidos ao teste. Verificou-se que as condições preconizadas nos compêndios farmacopeicos quanto aos tipos de meio de cultura, meio de caseína de soja e meio de tioglicolato, as temperaturas de incubação, 22 e 32 ºC, bem como o período de incubação de 14 dias, apresentaram os melhores resultados na detecção de contaminantes microbiológicos. / This paper aims the study of parameters used for validation of methods for sterility tests. Installation and operators qualification are considered a step for analytical validation, in order to reduce the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results. The efficiency of three methods for sterility tests with direct, conventional indirect and closed system indirect inoculation (Steritest®) was submitted to a comparative study concerning their capacity of growth detection of different types of microorganisms that are most frequently found as contaminants of pharmaceutical products Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus Aureus. Each of them was inoculated in samples of plastic bottles of phisiological solution (10 mL) in three different levels of contamination: 5, 10 and 50 CFU/10 mL. Different types of culture media were used soybean casein, thioglycollate, Sabouraud and Clausen as well as different temperatures of incubation 12, 22, 32 and 42 ºC during an incubation period of 28 days. The results showed significant differences between the methodologies applied in what concerns the detection of contaminantion, even an equivalent number of samples and content of each unit submited to test. The best results for microbial contaminants detection were obtained as described in pharmacopeias in what concerns the types of culture medium, soybean casein media and thioglycollate media, the temperatures of incubation, 22 and 32 ºC, and the incubation period of 14 days.

Este trabalho consiste em um estudo sobre os parâmetros para validação de metodologia para teste de esterilidade. As qualificações das instalações e dos operadores são consideradas etapas integrantes na validação analítica, cuja finalidade abrange minimizar a ocorrência de resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. Foram comparadas as eficiências de três métodos de teste de esterilidade empregando inoculação direta, inoculação indireta nos moldes convencionais e inoculação indireta em sistema fechado quanto à detecção do crescimento de diferentes tipos de microrganismos normalmente encontrados como contaminantes em produtos farmacêuticos Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Staphylococcus aureus. Cada um deles foi inoculado em amostras constituídas de frascos plásticos de 10 mL de solução fisiológica em três diferentes níveis de contaminação: 5, 10 e 50 UFC/10 mL. Utilizou-se nos testes diferentes tipos de meios de cultura meio de caseína de soja, meio de tioglicolato, meio Sabouraud e meio Clausen bem como distintas temperaturas de incubação 12, 22, 32 e 42 ºC durante um período de incubação de 28 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que as metodologias aplicadas apresentam diferenças significativas na eficiência de detecção de contaminantes, mesmo quando atendidas condições de equivalência quanto ao número de amostras e volume unitário submetidos ao teste. Verificou-se que as condições preconizadas nos compêndios farmacopeicos quanto aos tipos de meio de cultura, meio de caseína de soja e meio de tioglicolato, as temperaturas de incubação, 22 e 32 ºC, bem como o período de incubação de 14 dias, apresentaram os melhores resultados na detecção de contaminantes microbiológicos. / This paper aims the study of parameters used for validation of methods for sterility tests. Installation and operators qualification are considered a step for analytical validation, in order to reduce the occurrence of false-positive and false-negative results. The efficiency of three methods for sterility tests with direct, conventional indirect and closed system indirect inoculation (Steritest®) was submitted to a comparative study concerning their capacity of growth detection of different types of microorganisms that are most frequently found as contaminants of pharmaceutical products Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Clostridium sporogenes, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Staphylococcus Aureus. Each of them was inoculated in samples of plastic bottles of phisiological solution (10 mL) in three different levels of contamination: 5, 10 and 50 CFU/10 mL. Different types of culture media were used soybean casein, thioglycollate, Sabouraud and Clausen as well as different temperatures of incubation 12, 22, 32 and 42 ºC during an incubation period of 28 days. The results showed significant differences between the methodologies applied in what concerns the detection of contaminantion, even an equivalent number of samples and content of each unit submited to test. The best results for microbial contaminants detection were obtained as described in pharmacopeias in what concerns the types of culture medium, soybean casein media and thioglycollate media, the temperatures of incubation, 22 and 32 ºC, and the incubation period of 14 days.