In the indoor environment, multipath fading causes the received signal amplitude to fluctuate rapidly over space and frequency. Multiple-in multiple-out (MIMO) systems overcome this phenomenon through the use of multiple antennas on transmitters and receivers. This establishes multiple independent MIMO sub-channels between antenna pairs, which allows a theoretical increase in capacity which is linear with the number of antennas, while requiring no additional power or bandwidth expenditure. The capacity increase is reliant upon MIMO sub-channels being well decorrelated. Decorrelation may be achieved by separating antennas in space. On devices where space is limited, an alternative approach is to use antennas with orthogonal polarisations, which may be positioned closer together. Existing literature states that the performance of polarisation MIMO systems is typically inferior to that of spatial MIMO systems under diversity applications, but can be superior in multiplexing applications. These statements are based on the analysis of a statistical channel model, using channel conditions assumed to be typical of an ideal polarisation MIMO system. There is little existing literature which examines how close these assumptions are to a practical polarisation MIMO channel, or whether the above statements remain true of practical systems. This thesis presents a novel end-to-end, predominantly deterministic approach to the modelling of polarisation MIMO systems. A bespoke MIMO channel model is used to estimate capacity and error rate under diversity and spatial multiplexing applications in the indoor environment. The parameters of the channel model are obtained deterministically from a ray launching propagation model, using antenna patterns of orthogonally polarised small antenna systems positioned in the indoor environment. The individual differences in the channel gains and K-factors of each sub-channel are accounted for. Correlation is accounted for using a full correlation matrix, rather than the Kronecker model. Particular attention is paid to mutual coupling of closely spaced antennas. Using this analysis, it is shown that for practical antennas and systems conditions of the polarisation MIMO channel may differ from those assumed in literature. The effect of this in terms of channel capacity and system bit error rate is directly determined and presented. Performance of polarisation MIMO systems, using co-located and spatially separate orthogonally polarised antennas, is compared to that of spatial MIMO systems, which use co-polar antennas with limited spatial separation. Additionally, comparison is made between compact polarisation MIMO systems which use orthogonal linear polarised antennas and those using orthogonal circular polarised antennas. Further analysis examines the significant effect of objects in the antenna near-field regions. The effects of the presence of a metal case on antenna performance are presented, before its impact on the channel conditions and ultimately the resultant MIMO performance is shown.

Increasingly, wireless subscribers are demanding reliable data capabilities from wireless networks. The ability of wireless network engineers and Information Technology (IT) professionals to rapidly design, deploy, and maintain wireless communication systems that can provide strong, reliable data service is severely hampered by a lack of adequate systems and methods for simulating the performance of such networks a priori. Unlike older generation wireless systems that could be readily deployed on the basis of strong received signal strength and simple circuit-switched channel allocation protocols, modern and emerging wireless data networks are more noise and interference limited and rely on packet-based protocols. A heavier emphasis is needed on predicting and simulating throughput, bit error rate, frame error rate, user priority classes, and overall network capacity. This research provides wireless network engineers and IT professionals with a comprehensive system and method for the simulation and design of wireless communication systems that combines site-specific databases, equipment-specific distribution system modeling, and advanced ray tracing propagation analysis to directly predict throughput, frame error rate (FER), and other critical performance parameters for emerging wireless data networks. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ClarissaLN_TESE.pdf: 4153617 bytes, checksum: 6a9b7ed40b1f66da758afee4efaf74e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-09 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this thesis, a frequency selective surface (FSS) consists of a two-dimensional periodic structure mounted on a dielectric substrate, which is capable of selecting signals in one or more frequency bands of interest. In search of better performance, more compact dimensions, low cost manufacturing, among other characteristics, these periodic structures have been continually optimized over time. Due to its spectral characteristics, which are similar to band-stop or band-pass filters, the FSSs have been studied and used in several applications for more than four decades. The design of an FSS with a periodic structure composed by pre-fractal elements facilitates the tuning of these spatial filters and the adjustment of its electromagnetic parameters, enabling a compact design which generally has a stable frequency response and superior performance relative to its euclidean counterpart. The unique properties of geometric fractals have shown to be useful, mainly in the production of antennas and frequency selective surfaces, enabling innovative solutions and commercial applications in microwave range. In recent applications, the FSSs modify the indoor propagation environments (emerging concept called wireless building ). In this context, the use of pre-fractal elements has also shown promising results, allowing a more effective filtering of more than one frequency band with a single-layer structure. This thesis approaches the design of FSSs using pre-fractal elements based on Vicsek, Peano and teragons geometries, which act as band-stop spatial filters. The transmission properties of the periodic surfaces are analyzed to design compact and efficient devices with stable frequency responses, applicable to microwave frequency range and suitable for use in indoor communications. The results are discussed in terms of the electromagnetic effect resulting from the variation of parameters such as: fractal iteration number (or fractal level), scale factor, fractal dimension and periodicity of FSS, according the pre-fractal element applied on the surface. The analysis of the fractal dimension s influence on the resonant properties of a FSS is a new contribution in relation to researches about microwave devices that use fractal geometry. Due to its own characteristics and the geometric shape of the Peano pre-fractal elements, the reconfiguration possibility of these structures is also investigated and discussed. This thesis also approaches, the construction of efficient selective filters with new configurations of teragons pre-fractal patches, proposed to control the WLAN coverage in indoor environments by rejecting the signals in the bands of 2.4~2.5 GHz (IEEE 802.11 b) and 5.0~6.0 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). The FSSs are initially analyzed through simulations performed by commercial software s: Ansoft DesignerTM and HFSSTM. The fractal design methodology is validated by experimental characterization of the built prototypes, using alternatively, different measurement setups, with commercial horn antennas and microstrip monopoles fabricated for low cost measurements / Nesta tese, uma superf?cie seletiva de frequ?ncia (FSS) consiste de uma estrutura peri?dica bidimensional montada sobre um substrato diel?trico, que ? capaz de selecionar sinais em uma ou mais faixas de frequ?ncias de interesse. Em busca da obten??o de um melhor desempenho, dimens?es mais compactas, baixo custo de fabrica??o, entre outras caracter?sticas, estas estruturas peri?dicas t?m sido continuamente otimizadas ao longo do tempo. Devido ?s suas caracter?sticas espectrais, que s?o similares as de filtros rejeita-faixa ou passa-faixa, as FSSs t?m sido estudadas e usadas em aplica??es diversas por mais de quatro d?cadas. O projeto de uma FSS com uma estrutura peri?dica composta de elementos pr?fractais facilita a sintonia destes filtros espaciais e o ajuste de seus par?metros eletromagn?ticos, possibilitando uma constru??o compacta, que, em geral, apresenta uma resposta est?vel em frequ?ncia e desempenho superior em rela??o ? sua contrapartida euclidiana. As propriedades ?nicas dos fractais geom?tricos t?m-se mostrado bastante ?teis, principalmente para a constru??o de antenas e superf?cies seletivas de frequ?ncia, permitindo solu??es inovadoras e aplica??es comerciais na faixa de micro-ondas. Em aplica??es mais recentes, as FSSs modificam os ambientes de propaga??o indoor (conceito emergente chamado de wireless building ). Neste contexto, o uso de elementos pr?-fractais tamb?m tem apresentado resultados promissores, tornando mais efetiva a filtragem de mais de uma faixa de frequ?ncias com uma estrutura de camada simples. Esta tese aborda o projeto de FSSs com elementos pr?-fractais baseados nas geometrias de Vicsek, Peano e dos ter?gonos, que funcionam como filtros espaciais do tipo rejeita-faixa. As propriedades de transmiss?o das superf?cies peri?dicas s?o analisadas para a concep??o de dispositivos eficientes, compactos e com respostas est?veis em frequ?ncia, aplic?veis na faixa de micro-ondas e adequados para utiliza??es em comunica??es indoor. Os resultados s?o discutidos em termos do efeito eletromagn?tico decorrente da varia??o de par?metros como, n?mero de itera??es fractais (ou n?vel do fractal), fator de escala, dimens?o fractal e periodicidade da FSS, de acordo com o elemento pr?-fractal utilizado. A an?lise da influ?ncia da dimens?o fractal sobre as propriedades de resson?ncia de uma FSS ? uma contribui??o nova no que diz respeito ?s pesquisas com dispositivos de micro-ondas que utilizam geometrias fractais. Devido ?s caracter?sticas pr?prias e a forma geom?trica dos elementos pr?-fractais de Peano, a possibilidade de reconfigura??o destas estruturas tamb?m ? investigada e discutida. Esta tese aborda ainda, a constru??o de filtros seletivos eficientes com novas configura??es de patches pr?-fractais do tipo ter?gonos, propostos para controle de cobertura WLAN em ambientes indoor, rejeitando os sinais nas faixas de 2,4~2,5 GHz (IEEE 802.11b) e 5,0~6,0 GHz (IEEE 802.11a). As FSSs s?o analisadas inicialmente por meio de simula??es executadas pelos programas comerciais Ansoft DesignerTM e HFSSTM. A metodologia de projeto ? validada atrav?s da caracteriza??o experimental dos prot?tipos constru?dos utilizando, alternativamente, diferentes setups de medi??o, com antenas corneta comerciais e monopolos de microfita de fabrica??o pr?pria para medi??es de baixo custo