No description available.

Electrical machines form part of our everyday life at home and in industry plants. Currently induction machines are the backbone of the industry machine installation as these are robust, reliable and have relatively high efficiency. However as the price of energy increases and stricter efficiency regulations are put into place there is a need for more efficient electrical machines. The majority of induction machines on Sasol's plants are between 2.2 kW and 22 kW. Of these, 95% machines are connected to pump loads and 2% to fan loads. Thus the majority of the machines operate at a constant speed. Rather than try to improve an induction machine, this project proposes the design for a more efficient LS PMSM that can also be used in the same applications as mentioned above. Although LS PMSMs aren’t a new concept, the demand and industry interest in this technology has increased in recent years. Since 2000 the number of research publications with regards to this machine has increased significantly. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of these machines by designing a prototype. The design entitles the stator and rotor. As Sasol provided the funding for the project it was decided to design a three phase, 7.5 kW 525V, four-pole machine. During the design phase several design techniques done by other researchers were incorporated into the prototypes. The design is done with the aid of two FEM software packages namely FEMM and ANSYS Maxwell® and verified against calculated values. The final prototype is tested and compared to the predicted values determined during the design. An industry available LS PMSM from Weg, the WQuattro is also used to compare the results of the prototype. The prototype machine’s no-load, full load and locked rotor behaviour is tested as well as the back-emf waveform. From the results gained the machine is validated. The machine did not perform as predicted and further investigation into the reason is needed. Due to the incorrect wiring of the stator and some other rotor manufacturing issues the prototype cannot be fully validated. However it was found that several of the designed values correlated to the measured values. Further investigation into the under performances as well as more relevant testing and practical manufacturing method is needed. / MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Energy resources are under tremendous pressure with society’s ever increasing need for electricity. However, resources are becoming scarce and the effect of our power generation on the environment is cause for concern. The cost of electricity is also increasing and thus the need to reduce energy consumption is apparent. Most electrical energy generated is consumed by electric motors. Most of these motors are induction motors because they are reliable, efficient and durable. Though these motors are highly efficient, there is still room for improvement when the strain on electrical energy is taken into account. Constructing motors with better efficiency can result in a reduction in energy consumption and cost savings to the consumer. One method of increasing a motor’s efficiency is to use permanent magnets in the construction of the motor’s core. Permanent magnets eliminate the excitation losses experienced by induction machines, thereby increasing the motor’s efficiency. A retrofit design is considered because of the ease of manufacturing for motor suppliers and the ability to apply the solution to existing operating induction machines. The prototype will lay the foundation for future optimisation strategies. The optimised design should provide improved efficiency with a minimum effect on the motors already operating in industry. The design process followed uses the design principles for inductions machines and for sizing permanent magnets. The design is then verified through the use of finite element method software packages, FEMM and ANSYS Maxwell®, and validated by performance testing. A comparison is drawn between the calculated results and the results determined from the performance analysis. The retrofit design performed as expected during the testing with some discrepancies in final values attributed to the manufacturing process. However, the efficiency is lower than designed and requires the implementation of machine optimisation strategies. / MSc (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Electrical machines form part of our everyday life at home and in industry plants. Currently induction machines are the backbone of the industry machine installation as these are robust, reliable and have relatively high efficiency. However as the price of energy increases and stricter efficiency regulations are put into place there is a need for more efficient electrical machines. The majority of induction machines on Sasol's plants are between 2.2 kW and 22 kW. Of these, 95% machines are connected to pump loads and 2% to fan loads. Thus the majority of the machines operate at a constant speed. Rather than try to improve an induction machine, this project proposes the design for a more efficient LS PMSM that can also be used in the same applications as mentioned above. Although LS PMSMs aren’t a new concept, the demand and industry interest in this technology has increased in recent years. Since 2000 the number of research publications with regards to this machine has increased significantly. The goal of this project is to gain a better understanding of these machines by designing a prototype. The design entitles the stator and rotor. As Sasol provided the funding for the project it was decided to design a three phase, 7.5 kW 525V, four-pole machine. During the design phase several design techniques done by other researchers were incorporated into the prototypes. The design is done with the aid of two FEM software packages namely FEMM and ANSYS Maxwell® and verified against calculated values. The final prototype is tested and compared to the predicted values determined during the design. An industry available LS PMSM from Weg, the WQuattro is also used to compare the results of the prototype. The prototype machine’s no-load, full load and locked rotor behaviour is tested as well as the back-emf waveform. From the results gained the machine is validated. The machine did not perform as predicted and further investigation into the reason is needed. Due to the incorrect wiring of the stator and some other rotor manufacturing issues the prototype cannot be fully validated. However it was found that several of the designed values correlated to the measured values. Further investigation into the under performances as well as more relevant testing and practical manufacturing method is needed. / MIng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Energy resources are under tremendous pressure with society’s ever increasing need for electricity. However, resources are becoming scarce and the effect of our power generation on the environment is cause for concern. The cost of electricity is also increasing and thus the need to reduce energy consumption is apparent. Most electrical energy generated is consumed by electric motors. Most of these motors are induction motors because they are reliable, efficient and durable. Though these motors are highly efficient, there is still room for improvement when the strain on electrical energy is taken into account. Constructing motors with better efficiency can result in a reduction in energy consumption and cost savings to the consumer. One method of increasing a motor’s efficiency is to use permanent magnets in the construction of the motor’s core. Permanent magnets eliminate the excitation losses experienced by induction machines, thereby increasing the motor’s efficiency. A retrofit design is considered because of the ease of manufacturing for motor suppliers and the ability to apply the solution to existing operating induction machines. The prototype will lay the foundation for future optimisation strategies. The optimised design should provide improved efficiency with a minimum effect on the motors already operating in industry. The design process followed uses the design principles for inductions machines and for sizing permanent magnets. The design is then verified through the use of finite element method software packages, FEMM and ANSYS Maxwell®, and validated by performance testing. A comparison is drawn between the calculated results and the results determined from the performance analysis. The retrofit design performed as expected during the testing with some discrepancies in final values attributed to the manufacturing process. However, the efficiency is lower than designed and requires the implementation of machine optimisation strategies. / MSc (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

La machine asynchrone présente un intérêt majeur par rapport aux autres types de machines(courant continu, synchrone, ...), sa robustesse, son faible coût de fabrication etd'entretien en sont les principales raisons. Cependant ces avantages ont longtemps été inhibés par la complexité de la commande de celle-ci.De nos jours de nombreux industrielles proposent des variateurs de vitesse pour la machine asynchrone offrant à la fois la souplesse de contrôle, et la qualité de la conversion électromagnétique,naturellement obtenues jusqu'alors avec la machine à courant continu et de la machine synchrone.Depuis quelques années les industrielles font face à une nouvelle problématique, qui est la suppression du capteur mécanique dans le processus de régulation de vitesse de la machine asynchrone. Les travaux de cette thèse, effectués dansle cadre d'un support CIFRE entre l'entreprise GS Maintenance et le laboratoire ECS-Lab EA 3649, ont été orientésvers la réalisation d'un système de contrôle commande d'un variateur industrieldédié aux machines asynchrones sans capteur mécanique. De ce point de vue, l'objectifpremier du travail de thèse, est la conception des techniques de détermination des grandeursmécaniques (vitesse) de la machine asynchrone en utilisant comme seules mesuresles grandeurs électriques. Ces techniques, utilisées pour remplacer l'informationdonnée par les capteurs mécaniques, sont parfois appelées capteurs logiciels.Une attention particulière est donnée au fonctionnement de la machine asynchrone sanscapteur mécanique à basse vitesse. Dans un second temps l'objectif étant d'illustrer lesintérêts technologiques d'un observateur basé sur la technique des modes glissants dansle but d'intégrer celui-ci dans le système contrôle commande d'un variateur industriel. / Induction machine includes main interests compared with others electricals machines like brushed DC Motor,or synchronus electric Motor.Its robustness, its low cost manufacture, and maintenance are major reason of its success.However, for long time this advantages inhibited because of induction machine control complexity.Nowadays,many industrial propose speed drives for induction machine giving both control flexibility, and electromagnetic qualited conversion, naturally obtained with DC motor, and synchronus electric Motor.For several years now, many manufacturers face to a new problematic, wich is sensorless induction machine control.This thesis work, carried out in concert with the firm GS Maintenance and ECS-Lab EA 3649 laboratory under CIFRE financement.This work focused on conception plant dedicated to sensorless industrial speed drive control for induction machine.From this point of view, at first glance this work proposes technical strategies to identify mechanical induction machine variables, by using only electrical measurements.This strategies used to stand in for informations from a mechanical sensor, are the so called software sensor.Specific attention has been paid to induction machine sensorless working at very low speed. Secondly, we propose to illustrate the interest of a second order Sliding Mode Observer with final aim to be integrated into an industrial speed drive

Real-time digital simulation of electrical machines and drives is an efficient approach to evaluate the true behavior of newly designed machines and controllers before applying them in a real system. State-of-the-art real-time digital simulators aim to offer a precise replica for different parts of an electrical drive. By the aid of these powerful simulators and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation, design engineers are able to test their new controllers or machines against a virtual motor drive which has been previously modeled and tested off-line. Interaction between different parts of the electrical drive, especially under hazardous and abnormal conditions, can then be studied in a cost-effective manner. Although many studies about the optimized models of power electronic drives and digital controllers for real-time simulation have been done, the real-time models of electrical machines are still limited to the lumped parameter electric circuit models. This is mainly due to the complexity of a detailed electrical machine model which makes it computationally expensive. In this thesis geometrical real-time permeance network models (PNMs) of induction machines are developed which can accommodate the local phenomena inside an electric machine such as saturation and slotting. For this purpose, numerical methods inside the model are optimized to reduce the computation time. Novel nonlinear solution algorithms are also developed to address the problem of real-time simulation of nonlinear systems. Next, the proposed model is linked with other parts of an electric drive to develop a PNM-based real-time induction motor drive. A comparison of the results obtained through real-time simulation and experiment shows their agreement. / Power Engineering and Power Electronics

No description available.

São desenvolvidos neste trabalho dois modelos para a máquina pentafásica operando sob falta em uma e duas fases. Um dos modelos é apropriado para simulações, pois permite que uma ou mais fases sejam retiradas durante a simulação. O outro modelo possui uma falta fixa sendo mais indicado para a análise da máquina quando a mesma opera sem uma fase. Neste trabalho também é feita a análise de duas estratégias de controle para máquinas operando sem uma fase. Uma das estratégias de controle é do tipo vetorial e a outra do tipo escalar. A estratégia de controle escalar é nova e foi desenvolvida durante a dissertação, a estratégia de controle vetorial foi baseada em estratégias de controle analisadas durante a revisão bibliográfica. Inicialmente é feita um revisão bibliográfica onde são analisados os principais trabalhos na área de controle de máquinas com mais de três fases. Depois é desenvolvido o modelo da máquina utilizado durante as simulações das estratégias de controle. O controle de máquinas por orientação de campo indireta é então apresentado e são explicadas as modificações necessárias para que o controle seja aplicado em máquinas sem uma ou duas fases. Na sequência são desenvolvidos o controle escalar para a máquina operando sem uma fase e o segundo modelo da máquina, com a falta fixa. No último capítulo são apresentadas as simulações e ensaios realizados utilizando as estratégia de controle e a máquina operando sem uma fase. / In this work two models for the five-phase machine operating under fault are developed. One of them is more appropriate for simulations, as it allows one or more phases to be easily removed. The other model describes the machine operation with one open phase, being more appropriate for analytical analysis under this condition. This works also analysis two control strategies for operation under fault. One strategy is based on the scalar control and the other on the vector control of induction machines. The scalar control strategy is new and was formulated during the development of this work. The vector control strategy was based on control strategies already used and found in the literature. First, a literature review is presented, followed by the derivation of the model which is used for the subsequent simulations of the control strategies. Then, the machine control through indirect field orientation is presented, as well as the necessary modifications to be implemented in the control strategy to enable the machine to operate without one or two phases. Next, a scalar control to operate the machine without one phase using the second model is presented. Finally, the simulations and the experimental results obtained with a prototype machine and using the control strategies studied are shown and compared, considering the case of one open phases.

São desenvolvidos neste trabalho dois modelos para a máquina pentafásica operando sob falta em uma e duas fases. Um dos modelos é apropriado para simulações, pois permite que uma ou mais fases sejam retiradas durante a simulação. O outro modelo possui uma falta fixa sendo mais indicado para a análise da máquina quando a mesma opera sem uma fase. Neste trabalho também é feita a análise de duas estratégias de controle para máquinas operando sem uma fase. Uma das estratégias de controle é do tipo vetorial e a outra do tipo escalar. A estratégia de controle escalar é nova e foi desenvolvida durante a dissertação, a estratégia de controle vetorial foi baseada em estratégias de controle analisadas durante a revisão bibliográfica. Inicialmente é feita um revisão bibliográfica onde são analisados os principais trabalhos na área de controle de máquinas com mais de três fases. Depois é desenvolvido o modelo da máquina utilizado durante as simulações das estratégias de controle. O controle de máquinas por orientação de campo indireta é então apresentado e são explicadas as modificações necessárias para que o controle seja aplicado em máquinas sem uma ou duas fases. Na sequência são desenvolvidos o controle escalar para a máquina operando sem uma fase e o segundo modelo da máquina, com a falta fixa. No último capítulo são apresentadas as simulações e ensaios realizados utilizando as estratégia de controle e a máquina operando sem uma fase. / In this work two models for the five-phase machine operating under fault are developed. One of them is more appropriate for simulations, as it allows one or more phases to be easily removed. The other model describes the machine operation with one open phase, being more appropriate for analytical analysis under this condition. This works also analysis two control strategies for operation under fault. One strategy is based on the scalar control and the other on the vector control of induction machines. The scalar control strategy is new and was formulated during the development of this work. The vector control strategy was based on control strategies already used and found in the literature. First, a literature review is presented, followed by the derivation of the model which is used for the subsequent simulations of the control strategies. Then, the machine control through indirect field orientation is presented, as well as the necessary modifications to be implemented in the control strategy to enable the machine to operate without one or two phases. Next, a scalar control to operate the machine without one phase using the second model is presented. Finally, the simulations and the experimental results obtained with a prototype machine and using the control strategies studied are shown and compared, considering the case of one open phases.