L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse est de faire la preuve de concept, la validation expérimentale et la réalisation de système de mesure de champ électrique pour la caractérisation de câbles monoconducteur, multiconducteurs ou d’équipements de tension basse fréquence en environnement industriel. Ces travaux répondent à des problématiques de diagnostic énergétique ou de caractérisation d'appareillage haute tension. Le système permet une mesure vectorielle, sans contact des champs rayonnés par les conducteurs afin de s’affranchir de la nécessité d’habilitation électrique (aucune ouverture d’armoire électrique) et surtout sans nécessiter l’interruption de la chaîne de production. Les mesures sont faites en temps réel et permettent d’obtenir des informations sur les tensions, les phases ou encore les positions des conducteurs au sein d’un câble. Deux technologiques différentes sont proposées afin de répondre à cette problématique. La première technologie développée est basée sur l’effet Pockels et amène à la réalisation de sonde électro-optique totalement diélectrique donc non invasive pour la mesure. Cette sonde électro-optique permet, selon la configuration, la mesure des trois composantes du champ électrique. Cette première technologique est utilisée pour les systèmes haute tension. Une deuxième technologie, électrique, permet de répondre aux attentes des industriels en termes de coût et est utilisée pour des applications basse tension, comme le diagnostic électrique des câbles de tension. Un autre aspect a été développé dans le cadre des travaux de thèse afin de proposer une mesure puissancemétrique. Une technologique qui permet la mesure de champs magnétiques pour compléter les informations relatives aux câbles ou équipements industriels a été développé. Cette mesure se fait également sans contact et permet d’obtenir des informations sur le courant et ainsi déduire des informations sur la puissance. Le système électro-optique a permis de caractériser des systèmes haute tension tels que des câbles, des isolateurs ou encore des appareillages de commutation à isolation gazeuse (GIS). Le système électrique (pince puissancemétrique) a permis la caractérisation complète de câble d'énergie: position des conducteurs, tension des conducteurs, courant, phase, détection d'harmoniques ou mesure de décharges partielles. / The aim of this work is to propose the proof of concept, the experimental validation and the realization of electric field measurement system for the characterization of cables (single or multicore) or low frequency voltage equipment in industrial environment. The problematic are the energy diagnostics and high voltage device characterization. The developed system allows a conctact-less vector measurement of the fields radiated by drivers without requiring the interruption of the production chain. The measurements are made in real time and allow to obtain information about the voltage, the phase or the positions of the conductors in a cable. Two different technologies are proposed to address this problem. The first developed technology is based on the Pockels effect and leads to the realization of an electro optic probe totally dielectric and non invasive for the measurement. This electro optic probe allows, depending on the configuration, to measure the three components of the electric field. This technology is used, mainly, for high voltage applications. A second technology, based on electric sensors, is suitable for the industrial's expectations in terms of cost. It is used for low voltage applications such as electric diagnostics voltage cables. A complementary study has been developed to propose a wattmeter clamp. Thus, a technology allowing to measure the magnetic field has been implemented. This development is also contactless and provides information on the current in order deduce information on power. The electro-optical system has allowed characterization of high-voltage systems such as cables, insulators or switchgear gas-insulated (GIS). The electrical system (wattmeter clamp) offers a complete characterization of power cable: position of drivers, voltage drivers, current, phase, harmonic detection or measurement of partial discharge.

A perfilagem de colunas por raios gama (column gamma scan) é uma técnica nuclear empregada para solucionar problemas em equipamentos de processos industriais, nas refinarias e petroquímicas. Consiste na utilização de uma fonte selada e um detector de radiação [NaI(Tl)], obtendo-se o perfil de densidade unidimensional (1D) do equipamento. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreram algumas melhorias na técnica de perfilagem, tais como, na digitalização contínua das informações e nos sistemas de detecção da radiação (wireless). Novos aplicativos melhoraram a qualidade da apresentação dos resultados. Entretanto, a condição da técnica não mudou drasticamente, desde sua criação. Seu resultado é simplesmente um gráfico 1D da densidade média, em função da altura do equipamento industrial. A tecnologia inovadora proposta neste trabalho de Mestrado utiliza a reconstrução tomográfica industrial, via algoritmos iterativos derivados da ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) e do MART (Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique), para apresentar o resultado de perfilagem como uma imagem bidimensional (2D) da distribuição de densidade, ao invés de um gráfico 1D. Nitidamente, uma imagem 2D possui mais informações técnicas do equipamento em análise, permitindo um avanço na tecnologia de ensaios não destrutivos (END). Assim, muitos problemas operacionais não detectáveis em equipamentos de processos industriais podem ser descobertos e solucionados de forma on-line, usando-se o imageamento 2D. Esta tecnologia permitiu que um pedido de patente fosse depositado junto ao Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). / Column gamma scan is one of the most common nuclear techniques on troubleshooting industrial process equipments like distillation columns and reactors. With a very simple concept, the technique is easy to implement. Searching for a competitive edge the industry has been long developing solutions to achieve better results. On the last decades, significant development has been done with the advent of new hardware, electronics, portable computers and software. Continuous scanning and wireless detection systems are examples of successful field solutions, while new software aid on reporting and data presentation. However the type and quality of the results itself has not dramatically changed since its beginning. A scan profile is simple to understand, although the process to build it can be very complex as it requires a specific blend of knowledge and abilities. Process engineering, chemical engineering, internal hydraulic project, nuclear engineering and field abilities are pre requisites for of any scan specialist. Correct data gathering, interpretation and reporting are abilities often difficult to match or requires a long time of training. The industry faces a similar difficult on the customer side, as it is always necessary to train end users to understand a report and how to use its best. This scientific work describes our effort on developing a new approach on the gamma column scan test using image reconstruction techniques that would result on a graphic image rather than a XY plot. Direct and easier to understand, a report with graphic images would be also be accessible to a wider audience, not limited to the customers experienced with gamma scan interpretation.

A perfilagem de colunas por raios gama (column gamma scan) é uma técnica nuclear empregada para solucionar problemas em equipamentos de processos industriais, nas refinarias e petroquímicas. Consiste na utilização de uma fonte selada e um detector de radiação [NaI(Tl)], obtendo-se o perfil de densidade unidimensional (1D) do equipamento. Nas últimas décadas, ocorreram algumas melhorias na técnica de perfilagem, tais como, na digitalização contínua das informações e nos sistemas de detecção da radiação (wireless). Novos aplicativos melhoraram a qualidade da apresentação dos resultados. Entretanto, a condição da técnica não mudou drasticamente, desde sua criação. Seu resultado é simplesmente um gráfico 1D da densidade média, em função da altura do equipamento industrial. A tecnologia inovadora proposta neste trabalho de Mestrado utiliza a reconstrução tomográfica industrial, via algoritmos iterativos derivados da ART (Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) e do MART (Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique), para apresentar o resultado de perfilagem como uma imagem bidimensional (2D) da distribuição de densidade, ao invés de um gráfico 1D. Nitidamente, uma imagem 2D possui mais informações técnicas do equipamento em análise, permitindo um avanço na tecnologia de ensaios não destrutivos (END). Assim, muitos problemas operacionais não detectáveis em equipamentos de processos industriais podem ser descobertos e solucionados de forma on-line, usando-se o imageamento 2D. Esta tecnologia permitiu que um pedido de patente fosse depositado junto ao Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI). / Column gamma scan is one of the most common nuclear techniques on troubleshooting industrial process equipments like distillation columns and reactors. With a very simple concept, the technique is easy to implement. Searching for a competitive edge the industry has been long developing solutions to achieve better results. On the last decades, significant development has been done with the advent of new hardware, electronics, portable computers and software. Continuous scanning and wireless detection systems are examples of successful field solutions, while new software aid on reporting and data presentation. However the type and quality of the results itself has not dramatically changed since its beginning. A scan profile is simple to understand, although the process to build it can be very complex as it requires a specific blend of knowledge and abilities. Process engineering, chemical engineering, internal hydraulic project, nuclear engineering and field abilities are pre requisites for of any scan specialist. Correct data gathering, interpretation and reporting are abilities often difficult to match or requires a long time of training. The industry faces a similar difficult on the customer side, as it is always necessary to train end users to understand a report and how to use its best. This scientific work describes our effort on developing a new approach on the gamma column scan test using image reconstruction techniques that would result on a graphic image rather than a XY plot. Direct and easier to understand, a report with graphic images would be also be accessible to a wider audience, not limited to the customers experienced with gamma scan interpretation.