A cosmologia inflacionária descreve uma fase durante a qual o nosso universo passou por expansão acelerada em um curto período de tempo a escalas de altas energias. A inflação soluciona os problemas deixados pelo modelo cosmológico da Grande Explosão, tais como os problemas de planura e do horizonte. Nesta fase, o nosso universo era governado por um potencial V(Ø) gerado por um campo escalar inflaton, Ø(t). este potencial deve obedecer às condições de rolagem lenta dadas por {, |n|} 1, onde e n são os parâmetros de rolagem lenta. A cosmologia de branas inspira-se na teoria de cordas descrevendo modelos cosmológicos com dimensões extras. Sua grande ascensão aconteceu com a publicação de dois trabalhos de Randall e Sundrum na década de 90. Estes dois modelos consideram um espaço-tempo AdS5 no qual está inserido uma hipersuperfície 3-dimensional chamada 3-brana (nosso universo). As partículas e forças do modelo padrão estão confinadas nesta 3-brana enquanto o gráviton pode viajar por todo o espaço-tempo. O modelo RS-I considera duas 3-branas que delimitam a dimensão extra enquanto o modelo RS-II considera uma única 3-brana e o tamanho da dimensão extra é infinito. O objetivo deste trabalho é unir estas duas cosmologias de modo que possamos estudar inflação em modelos de branas. Escolhemos a cosmlogia de branas do tipo RS-I para exempleficarmos três potenciais condidatos a gerarem inflação em nosso universo. Para a aceitação de um modelo inflacionário representado por V (Ø), devemos calcular o índice espectral n(k) e sua derivada em relação ao número de onda k, dn(k)/dlnk, deste potencial, e comparar estes resultados teóricos com os dados experimentais do WMAP. É isto que faremos com estes três potenciais / An inflationary cosmology describles a phase in which ou Universe goes through accelerated expansion in a short time period at high energy scales. Inflation solves problems left by the Standard Big Bang cosmological model such as problems of flatness and horizon. In this phase, our Universe is ruled by a potential V(Ø) generated bya an inflaton scalar field Ø(t). This potential generated must obey conditions of slow roll given by {, |n|}1, and n are the parameters of slow roll. A brane cosmology was inspired by a string describing cosmological models with extra dimensions. An interest to it highly arose with a publication of two papers by Randall and Sundrum in the 90s. These two models consider a space-time AdS5 in which the hipersurface with three spacial dimensions is inserted. This hypersurface (our Universe) is called a 3-brane. Particles and forces of the standard model are inserted in this 3-brane whereas the graviton can move through all space-time. In the RS-I model one considers two three-brane which delimit an extra dimension whereas in the RS-II model one consideres a unique 3-brane ande the size of the extra dimension is infinite. The aim of this ork is to unify these two cosmologies in a way which would allow studying inflation in brane models. We choose a cosmology in RS-I branes to exemplify three candidate potentials to generate inflation in our Universe. In order to accept an inflationary model represented by V (Ø), we shold calculate the spectral index n(k)/d/lnk, for this potential, and compare these theoretical results with the available experimental data fo WMAP. These studies will be carried out for the three potentials above mentioned.

Inflationary cosmology is the leading candidate for explaining the homogeneity, isotropy and spatial flatness of the universe whilst also providing the mechanism for the seeding of large scale structure. The central theme of inflationary dynamics involves the evolution of a scalar field, called the inflaton, such that its potential drives an accelerated expansion. Warm inflation is the dynamical realization in which interactions between the inflaton and other fields can lead to dissipation of inflaton energy to other dynamical degrees of freedom. Heavy fields coupled to the inflaton mediate the transfer of inflaton energy to light degrees of freedom which thermalize and heat the universe. This damps the inflaton’s motion and allows for the potential formation of a thermal bath during the inflationary period. Hybrid inflation models are a natural way in which warm inflation can be realized, with dissipation of inflaton energy mediated by the waterfall fields to fields in the light sector. In this thesis I outline the dynamics and observational predictions of supersymmetric hybrid inflation driven by radiative corrections in the warm regime. As in the standard cold inflationary scenario inflation ends when the effective mass squared of the waterfall field becomes negative, with the tachyonic instability driving the system to a global minimum in a process called the waterfall transition. I present the effect of including thermal mass corrections to the waterfall fields, and SUSY mass splittings on the quantum effective potential and the resulting dissipation coefficient. I show that including dissipative effects can significantly prolong the inflationary period to produce 50-60 e-folds of inflation with an observationally consistent primordial spectrum. Inflation still requires a microphysical description within a fundamental theory of quantum gravity. This has prompted the search for inflaton candidates within the superabundance of scalar fields present in string theory compactifications, with brane-antibrane inflation in particular emerging as a concrete implementation of SUSY hybrid inflation in a UV complete particle physics model. Inflation proceeds in a brane-antibrane system through the movement of a stack of branes towards a stack of antibranes, with the inflaton field being the interbrane distance. Warm inflation can be implemented in a brane-antibrane system with dissipation of inflaton energy mediated by fields corresponding to strings stretched between the brane and antibrane stacks. It has been shown that this dissipation of inflaton energy in warm inflation can greatly alleviate the η-problem in brane-antibrane scenarios. Whilst these strings mediating dissipation have end points fixed on to both the D3 and D3 stacks, the compact nature of the geometry within which the system is constructed allows these strings to have different winding modes. We investigated how strings with increasing winding number can provide an enhancement to the dissipation coefficient, allowing a significant reduction in the number of branes and antibranes in the warm inflation system, whilst also modifying the inflationary dynamics by reducing the speed at which the system evolves. This may go some way to alleviating the η-problem associated with some constructions of brane-antibrane inflation whilst also potentially providing the best way to motivate the large field multiplicities associated with warm inflation models.

Galaxy redshift surveys are powerful probes of cosmology. Yet, in order to fully exploit the information contained in galaxy surveys, we need to improve upon our understanding of the structure formation in the Universe. Galaxies are formed/observed at late times when the density field is no longer linear so that understanding non-linearities is essential. In this thesis, we show that, at high redshifts, we can accurately model the galaxy power spectrum in redshift space by using the standard cosmological perturbation theory. Going beyond the power spectrum, we can use the three-point function, or the bispectrum, to gain important information on the early universe as well as on the galaxy formation via measurements of primordial non-Gaussianity and galaxy bias. We show that the galaxy bispectrum is more sensitive to primordial non-Gaussianities than previously recognized, making high-redshift galaxy surveys a particularly potent probe of the physics of inflation. Weak lensing offers yet another way of probing cosmology. By cross correlating the angular position of galaxies with the shear measurement from galaxy lensing or CMB lensing, we also show that one can obtain the information on cosmological distance scale, the galaxy bias, and the primordial non Gaussianity from weak lensing method. / text

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Qaisar Shafi, Dept. of Physics & Astronomy. Includes bibliographical references.

Not available

Inflationary predictions for the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation have been verified to an excellent degree, leaving many models compatible with observations. In this thesis we studied third-order correlations, that might allow one to further distinguish between inflationary models. From all the possible extensions of the standard inflationary model, we chose to study two-field models with canonical kinetic terms and flat field space. The new feature is the presence of the so-called isocurvature perturbation. Its interplay with the adiabatic perturbation outside the horizon gives birth to non-linearities characteristic of multiple-field models. In this context, we established the second-order gauge-invariant form of the adiabatic and isocurvature perturbation and found the third-order action that describes their interactions. Furthermore, we built on and elaborated the long-wavelength formalism in order to acquire an expression for the parameter of non-Gaussianity fNL as a function of the potential of the fields. We next used this formula to study analytically, within the slow-roll hypothesis, general classes of potentials and verified our results numerically for the exact theory. From this study, we deduced general conclusions about the properties of fNL, its magnitude depending on the characteristics of the field trajectory and the isocurvature component, as well as its dependence on the magnitude and relative size of the three momenta of which the three-point correlator is a function.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Boston University, 1992. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 225-229).

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T19:17:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA APARECIDA DOS SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2014.pdf: 628300 bytes, checksum: be5188c733755263bec183578258ca27 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T19:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA APARECIDA DOS SANTOS – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2014.pdf: 628300 bytes, checksum: be5188c733755263bec183578258ca27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02 / Capes / Considerando as diferentes abordagens possíveis referentes ao Universo, este trabalho está voltado para o estudo da Cosmologia Padrão e Inflacionária utilizando campos escalares para descrever a fase de expansão acelerada do Universo. Assim, através da Teoria da Gravitação proposta pela Relatividade Geral é possível determinar as equações de Friedmann e utilizando a Teoria de Campos em Cosmologia podemos obter uma equação de movimento que descreve a evolução temporal de um campo escalar chamado ínflaton, responsável pela inflação. Nesse sentido, propomos como alternativa a utilização de alguns modelos de potenciais já existentes, dentre os quais: V ( ) =12m2 2 (quadr atico), V ( ) = C cos2 (tipo cosseno), V ( ) = C sin2 (tipo seno), V ( ) = (t) 4 e o potencial constante V = V0. Buscando dessa forma descrever a evolução temporal do fator de escala a(t) e o comportamento do parâmetro de desaceleração q(t) com o objetivo de analisar a fase inflacionária, identi cando regiões de aceleração e desaceleração do Universo nos cenários dos espaços plano e curvo. / Taking into consideration the set of di erent approaches to the Universe existent today this work focuses on standard cosmology and in ationary expansion of the said using scalar elds to describe the expansion acceleration rate. Therefore, through a gravitation theory proposed by General Relativity is possible to set Friedmann`s equations and using Field Theory applied to Cosmology to obtain an equation of motion which describes the temporal evolution of a scalar eld called in action, which is responsible for the in ationary process. In this sense, we propose as alternative some models whose potentials are already established, among them: V ( ) = 12m2 2 (quadratic), V ( ) = C cos2 (cosinelike) , V ( ) = C sin2 (sinelike), V ( ) = (t) 4 and the constant potential V = V0 . We seek with this to describe the temporal evolution of the scale factor a(t) and how the decelerating parameter behaves and then analyze the in ationary faze, indentifying periods when the Universe was accelerating or decelerating given curve or plane space scenarios.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:14:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Arquivototal.pdf: 804629 bytes, checksum: eeeea3eabb5bee372113ead03f439bb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The last decades have been of major developments in cosmology since the advent of cosmological inflation as a solution to the problems of standard cosmological model. As one of the main paradigms of modern cosmology, to study the classical theory of inflation is the main objective of this work. Before, we present the main evidences of universal expansion and a review of general relativity and the standard cosmological model, known as the big bang theory. Then we analyze the problems of this model as motivation for the subsequent introduction of inflation. We model the theory of inflation in terms of a scalar field, finding its dynamical equations and formalize the slow-roll approximation, which allows to find analytical solutions to the equations of motion. We discuss some inflation potentials : chaotic, hybrid and natural potentials, relating some of them with Particle Physics. We conclude the work presenting a inflationary model whose solution its exact. / As últimas décadas têm sido de grandes desenvolvimentos na cosmologia desde o advento da inflação cosmológica como solução aos problemas do modelo cosmológico padrão. Sendo um dos principais paradigmas da cosmologia moderna, estudar os aspectos clássicos da teoria inflacionária é o principal objetivo deste trabalho. Antes apresentamos as principais evidências da expansão universal e uma revisão da relatividade geral e do modelo cosmológico padrão, conhecido como a teoria do big bang. Em seguida, analisamos os problemas deste modelo como motivação para a posterior introdução da inflação. Modelamos a teoria inflacionária em termos de um campo escalar, encontrando suas equações dinâmicas, e formalizamos a aproximação slow-roll, a qual permite encontrar soluções analíticas para as equações do movimento. Discutimos alguns potenciais inflacionários: potenciais caótico, híbrido e natural, relacionando alguns destes com a física de partículas. Concluímos o trabalho apresentandoum modelo inflacionário cuja solução é exata.