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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Maneuver-Based Motion Control of a Miniature Helicopter

Rogers, Christopher Michael 30 December 2010 (has links)
This thesis deals with the control of a highly maneuverable miniature helicopter about trajectories, generated online, from a library of prespecified maneuvers. Linearizing the nonlinear equations describing the helicopter dynamics about the prespecified, library maneuvers results in a hybrid linear time-varying (LTV) model. Two control approaches are used to design controllers corresponding to each library maneuver: the standard L2-induced norm approach and an approach which also uses the L2-induced norm as a performance measure while accounting for uncertain initial states. Each control approach is evaluated in closed-loop simulation with a nonlinear helicopter model. The controllers are set to drive the helicopter model to track desired trajectories in the presence of disturbances such as wind gusts, turbulence, sensor noise, and uncertain initial conditions. For the specific plant formulations and trajectories presented, performance is comparable for both control approaches; however, it is possible to improve controller performance by exploiting some of the features of the approach accounting for uncertain initial states. These improvements in performance are topics for future work along with implementation of the presented approaches and results on a remote control helicopter. / Master of Science
2

Starttillståndets inverkan på hydrologisk prognososäkerhet i HYPE-modellen / The Impact of the Initial State on Hydrologic Forecast Uncertainty in the HYPE Model

Andersson, Elinor January 2016 (has links)
SMHI:s hydrologiska prognos- och varningstjänst använder sig av meteorologiska ensembleprognoser som indata i hydrologiska modeller. De hydrologiskaensembleprognoserna tar därmed hänsyn till framtida osäkerhet i temperatur och nederbördoch används som underlag vid utfärdandet av risker och varningar för höga flöden. För närvarande beaktas dock inte osäkerheten i modellens starttillstånd, vilket består av de tillståndsvariabler i modellen som beskriver bland annat markvattenhalt och snötäcke. I dennastudie undersöktes hur starttillståndet i den hydrologiska modellen HYPE inverkar på prognoser i syfte att kvantifiera osäkerheten och på sikt möjliggöra säkrare prognoser.Studien hade tre mål: 1) Ta fram ett förslag på hur starttillståndet kan varieras för att ge en god uppskattning av prognososäkerheten relaterat till det hydrologiska starttillståndet. 2) Undersöka sambandet mellan starttillståndens spridning och det hydrologiska prognosfelet. 3) Analysera hur årstider, avrinningsområdens area, sjöprocent, skogsprocent och höjd över havet inverkar på prognososäkerheten. En central hypotes var att mindre skillnad mellan starttillståndets vattenföring och den observerade vattenföringen vid prognosstart resulterar i mer träffsäkra prognoser. Studien begränsades av att starttillstånden endast genererades med hjälp av störningar i drivdata.Indata till HYPE-modellen var femton temperatur- och nederbördsserier som manipulerats i syfte att skapa en ensemble av olika starttillstånd. Denna ensemble användes sedan för att göra vattenföringsprognoser med observerad temperatur och nederbörd som drivdata. Studien omfattade 76 avrinningsområden från hela Sverige med data för perioden 1999-2008. Prognoser utfördes varje dygn och ensemblespridningen utvärderades 2, 4 och 10 dygn in i prognosen. Samma utvärderingar utfördes även på autoregressiva prognoser, vilket innebär att modellerad rättas utefter observerad vattenföring.Resultaten indikerade ett samband mellan ensemblespridning och prognosfel, vilket innebär att spridning kan användas som ett mått på starttillståndets osäkerhet. Prognosfelet korrelerade positivt med skogsprocent och negativt med avrinningsområdenas area, sjöprocent och höjd över havet. Samma samband uppvisades mellan dessa områdesvariableroch spridning. Spridningen var störst på vintern och våren då normalisering skett med medelvattenföring över tio år, och under vår och sommar då normalisering skett med medelvattenföring per månad. Hypotesen att mindre skillnad mellan starttillståndets vattenföring och den observerade vattenföringen vid prognosstart resulterar i mer träffsäkraprognoser bekräftades av resultaten. Implementering av en ensemble av olika starttillstånd i operationella prognoser vid SMHIs hydrologiska prognos- och varningstjänst föreslås i syfte att kvantifiera osäkerheten och därigenom utöka bedömningsunderlaget vid utfärdande av risker och varningar. / The Hydrological Forecast and Warning Service of The Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) use meteorological ensemble forecasts as input in hydrological models. The hydrological ensemble forecasts take the uncertainty of future temperature and precipitation into account and serve as the basis of issued risks and warnings of high flows. Currently not considered is the uncertainty of the initial state, which consists of state variables in the model describing for instance soil water content and snow pack. This study assessed the impact of the initial state on forecasts in the hydrological model HYPE aiming to quantify the uncertainty and eventually enable more accurate forecasts.There were three aims of this study : 1) Evaluate a suggestion about how the initial state can be varied to give a good estimation of forecast uncertainty related to the hydrological initial state. 2) Examine the relationship between the spread of initial states and the hydrological forecast error. 3) Analyze the impact of seasons, catchment area, lake percentage, forest percentage and elevation on forecast uncertainty. A central hypothesis was that a smaller difference between the discharge of the initial state and the observed discharge results in more accurate forecasts. A restriction of the study was that the initial states only could be generated by disturbances of forcing data in before the forecast.Input data to the HYPE model were fifteen temperature and precipitation series, manipulated to generate an ensemble of different initial states. This ensemble was then used to make discharge forecasts with observed temperature and precipitation as forcing data. The study was performed on 76 catchments all over Sweden with data from the time period 1999-2008. Forecasts were made every day and the ensemble spread was evaluated 2, 4 and 10 days into the forecast. Autoregressive forecasts where the modelled discharge is corrected after the observed discharge were executed and evaluated as well. The results indicated a relationship between ensemble spread and forecast error, which implies that the spread can be used as a measure of the uncertainty of the initial state. The forecast error and ensemble spread correlated positively to forest percentage and negatively to catchment area, lake percentage and elevation. The same trend was detected between spread and catchment characteristics. The spread was biggest in winter and spring when normalization was made with mean discharge for the ten-year period and in spring and summer when normalization was done with mean discharge per month. The hypothesis that a smaller difference between the discharge of the initial state and the observed discharge results in more accurate forecasts was confirmed by the results. An implementation of an ensemble of different initial states in operational forecasts at SMHI’s Hydrological Forecast and Warning Service is suggested in order to further quantify the uncertainty of hydrological forecasts, and thereby improve the basis of judgment when issuing risks and warnings.

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