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Diploma thesis “The resistance of the flea beetles of the genus Phyllotreta and Psylliodes to active substances of insecticides“ is followed of NAZV QJ 1230077 Testing the sensitivity of selected insect pests of Brassicaceae crops to insecticides solved in 2012-2016. In the diploma thesis the sensibility of the flea beetles of genus Phyllotreta and Psylliodes to active substances of pyrethroid insecticides (tau-fluvalinate and lambda-cyhalothrin) and neonicotinoids (thiacloprid) was evaluate. The research was realized in 2017 on the 21 locations in the Czech Republic. The beetles were collected from commercial oil rapeseed?s (Brassica napus L. var. napus) and mustard?s (Sinapis alba) fields. The testing was conducted by laboratory methods of IRAC number 011 and 021, the adult-vital test was used for testing. These methods are known for monitoring pollen beetles (Meligethes spp.), but they are suitable for testing another species of pest of oil rapeseed. The results showed a decrease in the sensitivity to some insecticides.

Taxa of Mentha L. were evaluated during 2011-2014. Thirty-five taxa were evaluated in terms of morphological parameters, in term of constituents (quantity and quality of essential oil, content of phenols and flavonoids) and insecticidal activity of essential oils on Musca domestica and Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Essential oils were obtained by steam-distillation and their composition was determined by GC/MS. Content of phenolics was evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, content of flavonoids was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay and antioxidant capacity was determined by DPPH method. Insecticidal activities were evaluated according to the modified WHO methodology. The best insecticidal activity, for Musca and Culex, was observed in case of essential oil with majority stake of piperitenone oxide, namely essential oils obtained form taxa M. suaveolens 'Variegata' and M. sp. 'Cinderella'.

The literary part of the thesis describes biology, economic importance and methods of chemical protection against pollen beetle, cabbage seed weevil and cabbage stem flea beetle. The resistance of these pests against zoocides in the Czech republic and in some parts of neighbour European countries is decribed and principles of antiresistance strategies are outlined. Each group of insecticides is describd and their active components are rated in the practical part of the thesis. Findings about pest resistance are summarized - resistance types and mechanisms in particular. Then monitoring of resistent populations of plant pests are described. New findings concerning the resistance of three oilseed rape pests were acquired using biological methods. For cabage seed weevil six areas were evaluated, for pollen beetle seven and for cabbage stem flea beetle two areas were evaluated. All the evaluated areas are in the Czech republic. The adult-vial test number 11, nr. 25, nr. 27 accordinng to IRAC methodology and topical aplication test were used to rate the resistance. The efficiency of five pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, tau-fluvalinate, cypermethrin), one organophosphate (chlorpyrifos - cabbage stem flea beetle only) and one oxadiazin (indoxacarb) in different concentrations were rated. The mortality of the pests was rated 24 hours after active component functioning for pollen beetle and cabbage seed weevil and after 48 hours for cabage stem flea beetle. Then lethal concentration LC50 and LC95 values were assessed. For ppollen beetle, the resistance against pyrethroids was confirmed with the exception, the effect of neonicotinoids was variable, acetamiprid and thiacloprid showed reduced efficiency in populations of some areas. Assessed populations of cabbage seed weevil and cabbage stem flea beetle were very sensitive to pyrethroids, but neonicotinoids showed insufficient efficiency. The indoxacarb sensitivity of pollen beetle and cabbage stem flea beetle was high.

The aims of my PhD thesis are to find out occurence of resistance population of pollen beetle, degree of resistance in population and to suggest possible change of the antiresistant strategy. At the same time it was investigated identification of pollen beetle species (Brassicogethes spp., Meligethes spp. and others) and their dominance in oilseed rape. Populations were collected from commonly used fields of oilseed rape, mustard and poppy in the region of central and southern Moravia and Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. The individuals were exposed active ingredients lambda-cyhalothrin, ethofenprox, cypermethrin, tau-fluvalinate, chlorpyrifos (ethyl) and the preparation Biscaya 240 OD according to methodology of Insecticide Resistancee Action Committee (IRAC) number 011, 021, 025. Decreased effectivenes active ingredients from group pyrethroids a neonicotinoids among individual year were found. There are resistance populations. The Cross Resistance were discovered between active ingredient lambda-cyhalothrin and ethofenprox. Active ingredient chlorpyrifos (ethyl) were the most effective of all active ingredients which were tested. Pollen beetle (Brassicogethes aeneus) was the most frequent species in all compared samples (2009 -- 2011). From the accompanying species B. subaeneus and B. viridescens were markedly more frequent in this study. To find out differences among the individual pollen beetle species during the laboratory tests of their susceptibility to insecticides is very important. It shouldn't used or combined active ingredient lambda-cyhalothrin and ethofenprox and another active ingredient should changed intensively.

Monitoring was carried out in 2014 in apple orchards Starý Lístovec (Brno-venkov). The effectiveness of environmentally friendly (Quassia amara, Spruzit-Flussig, SpinTor), synthetic insecticide Calypso 480 SC (thiacloprid) in combination with orange oil PREV-B2 on hibernating adults were compared. The results were inconclusive due to inclement weather conditions. The most attractive variety were triploid variety Jonagold and second Champion. The influence of selected products (Quassia amara Spruzit-Flussig, SpinTor, Calypso 480 SC) on mortality and activity of apple blossom weevil was investigated in laboratory 24, 48, and 120 hours after application. Degree of leaf damage (%) 120 hours after application was evaluated. The highest efficiency (88% mortality) reached SpinTor (spinosad) 120 hours after application, other products only temporary paralyzed adults. Spruzit-Flussig, SpinTor and Calypso 480 SC inhibit the activity of apple blossom weevil, they may reduce damage by pests, and therefore they can be recommended for application in the spring during feeding of adults.

In the Czech Republic, apple orchards cover an area of 7.975, of which almost 55% involve superannuated plantations. The research was carried out in the Agricultural and Trade Cooperation - Orchards Starý Lískovec, which farm on 105.5. ha. In the thesis, a detailed description of the apple blossom weevil is given, including its biology, ecological requirements, harmful effects, and ways of its monitoring and regulation. The thesis also includes a chapter that is dedicated to resistance of the parasite against commonly used insecticides. The efficiency of natural insecticides Spintor and Spruzit-Flüssig was compared to a common insecticide Calypso 480SC. As a result, Spruzit-Flüssig seemed to be the most efficient (80%), in comparison with the least efficient Calypso 480 SC (50%). During the beginning of vegetation in 2015, the observations were made in order to discover the species preference of the apple blossom weevil. Jonagold was determined as most attacked cultivar, since in different areas of the orchard, 207 blossoms of 400 were attacked. On the contrary, Idared and Gloster revealed no evidence of having been attacked. Furthermore, ingestion activity of insect after insecticide application was observed; in all cases, the ingestion activity was inhibited.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Brigita Mányová Supervisor: PharmDr. Marie Vopršalová, CSc. Supervisor-specialist: PharmDr. Vendula Hepnarová, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Development of insecticides inhibiting acetylcholineseterase Pest insects cause problems and damage all over the world. They are vectors of serious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, Zika virus disease and chikungunya disease. They cause huge damage to agricultural crops and are annoying to everyday life in living spaces. The aim of this diploma thesis was in vitro testing of selected compounds from the group of bis-isoquinoline and bispyridinium acetylcholinesterase inhibitors as potential insecticides. Another goal was also to create relationships between structure and effect. The ability of these compounds to inhibit both human (hAChE) and fly acetylcholinesterase (MdAChE) was evaluated. The modified Ellman spectrophotometric method was used. The half inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were obtained for both enzymes and the selectivity indexes (SI) were then calculated. Compounds having IC50s in micromolar or nanomolar range and exhibiting selectivity for MdAChE were most desirable. During the testing of these inhibitors, three...

Resistence population of pollen beattle on selected locations of Moravia and Silesia were observed during the 2017. Beattles were taked off in the field during spring and their sensitivity to insecticides active substances indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, tau-fluvalinate, cypermethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin were tested in laboratory. Tested using methods of IRAC – 11, 21, 25 and 27. Mortality of beattles at various concentrations of active substances was evaluated after 24 hours. Levels of resistance were changed for individual location.