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Wireless capsule endoscope (WCE) is becoming one of the most patient-friendly inspection device which provides visual investigation of entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract, while the other traditional (wired) endoscopic devices are usually designed for colon inspection. Locating abnormalities tract such as tumors, polyps and bleedings with wire-connected endoscope in GI tract is simple as long as we could measure the length of the wires inside human body. When WCE is applied, however, this becomes a critical challenge of examination since there is no wires connected to WCE while physicians need to find the exact locations of WCE to identify the position of abnormalities. To locate the WCE accurately, methods have come up in last decade including time of arrival (TOA) based methods, received signal strength (RSS) based methods, phase difference of arrival (PDOA) based methods, electromagnetic methods and video-based tracking methods, etc.. In this thesis, time of arrival (TOA), phase difference of arrival (PDOA) and video based localization methods are proposed and their performance are analyzed. We first propose an novel video-based tracking technique based on maximum mutual information. With this technique, we can tell the displacement and rotation between consecutive frames. Then in TOA chapter, the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of TOA ranging inside homogeneous tissue is calculated first then three TOA ranging methods are proposed and compared with the CRLB which is used as the performance guideline. After that, PDOA based ranging technique is applied exploiting phase difference of two signals. Since the phase difference is taken into consideration, the ranging ambiguity is eliminated. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed PDOA ranging method. Finally, these ranging methods are evaluated in non-homogeneous tissues, the results of which are also compared to that in homogeneous tissue to analyze the impact of non-homogeneity.

Widespread losses during the recent financial crisis have raised concerns that equitybased CEO compensation (stocks and stock options) causes risky bank policies. This has led to the need to understand whether CEO pay can be re-structured such that it dampens risk-taking incentives. Against this background, this thesis analyses if debtbased compensation (also known as inside debt and consisting of pension benefits and deferred compensation) motivates CEOs to pursue risk-reducing bank policies. Over three decades of research into executive compensation has not explored the impact of inside debt, primarily due to lack of detailed data on inside debt which only became available after 2006 in the United States (US). The paucity of empirical work on inside debt is particularly unfortunate, given that the value of inside debt is often substantial. This dissertation provides one of the first empirical investigations into the impact of inside debt on bank risk-taking by determining whether CEO inside debt leads to less risky behaviour, through three policy decisions that are capable of increasing the overall risk of the bank. First, this thesis focuses on the payout policies of banks. Bank payouts divert cash to shareholders, while leaving behind riskier and less liquid assets to repay creditors in the future. Payouts, thus, constitute a type of risk-taking that benefits shareholders at the expense of creditors. The results presented in this thesis indicate that higher inside debt results in more conservative bank payout policies. Specifically, CEOs paid with more inside debt are more likely to cut payouts and to cut payouts by a larger amount. Reductions in payouts occur through a decrease in both dividends and repurchases. The results also hold over a sub-sample of banks which received government support in the form of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) where the link between risk-taking and payouts is of particular relevance because it involves wealth transfers from the taxpayer to shareholders. Second, this thesis tests the impact of inside debt on the risk implications of bank acquisitions. Bank acquisitions are large scale investment decisions that can affect bank risk. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt holdings motivate CEOs to pursue acquisitions that result in lower bank default risk. It also prevents CEOs from using acquisitions to shift risk to the financial safety-net. Since the safety net is underwritten by the taxpayer, the results show that CEO inside debt has a measurable impact on the subsidy which bank shareholders obtain from taxpayers. Third, the thesis shows that inside debt plays a critical role in influencing bank capital holdings. Higher equity capital provides creditors with a larger loss-absorbing equity buffer to protect the value of their claims on bank cash flows. Ceteris paribus, higher equity protects creditors from losses. To this end, this thesis shows that higher inside debt results in motivating banks to hold higher capital, whether defined using regulatory or economic terms. Higher inside debt also results in reducing the estimated value of the taxpayer losses. Furthermore, banks with higher inside debt are at a lower risk of facing capital shortfalls. Taken together, the study provides insights on how incentives stemming from inside debt impact bank policies in a manner that protects creditor interests. Inside debt can help in addressing excessive risk-taking concerns by aligning the interests of CEOs with those of creditors, regulators, and the taxpayer. This thesis makes a novel contribution to the banking literature by providing evidence on the implications of inside debt in the US banking industry. This work should be interpreted as part of a wider body of research which demonstrates that inside debt matters for bank risk-taking and that this role of inside debt should be recognized more widely in ongoing discussions on compensation incentives in banking.

The inside is controlled to want to reach enterprise's goal , improve business efficiency , strengthening enterprise's physique , promoting the mechanism with indispensable competitiveness of enterprises, Taiwan is going through August of 1995, staff's practicing fraud case at the basic level of maximum amount in a Taiwanese financial history --After country's ticket case causes great losses of country's ticket , ' the inside is controlled ' relevant topic boiling reporting , making a self-criticism without restraint. Several things of shaking compatriots will recur again in 2003 , will include: Incident of steal and sell customer's stock , the financial card of the bank happen in the same year and is stolen by side recording , national treasurying etc. that famous in October to speak to the staff of law office of law, the relevant newspapers and magazines mention the question that ' the inside is controlled ' again, this topic causes everybody's concern once again too. This research case company, in order to set up the reason law lawyer's office of remarkable reputation for many years in the bar , only because the inside controls and causes the fraud case of breaking into the staff to defalcate improperly. This research audits the criterion communique No. 99 with U.S.A. ' check the financial statemant to the doing in the test amount that is deceived ' Three risk factors that the composition pointed out in (Conskderations of Fraud in a Financial Statement Audit ) practices fraud: Inducement and pressure (incentive/pressure), five major key elements of the attitude and rationalized (attitude/rationalization ) , and the chance (opportunity ) and composition that the inside control, control the environment , risk and assess , control the activity , information and communicate and supervise etc. to analyse the production reason of the incident and disappearance of controlling the system of inside that this case practice fraud. The result shows , an office lacks the system to restrain, totally places the control of different potential risks of the office on people's moral character , must examine the system in proper and management way again in fact.

Winnipeg’s climate produces variable and extreme weather conditions, which can pose challenges for people wishing to spend more time outdoors. This practicum’s design builds on the Assiniboine River as a natural attractor and encourages people to spend more time outside. Relationships of architectural inside and outside are investigated and strategies to connect inside and outside are identified and applied in analysis of directly experienced projects. Those strategies together with a specific landscape vocabulary are the basis for the final design concept and examples. The design vocabulary and strategies are adapted to the quality of each site and support movement between the city and the river in all seasons.

Winnipeg’s climate produces variable and extreme weather conditions, which can pose challenges for people wishing to spend more time outdoors. This practicum’s design builds on the Assiniboine River as a natural attractor and encourages people to spend more time outside. Relationships of architectural inside and outside are investigated and strategies to connect inside and outside are identified and applied in analysis of directly experienced projects. Those strategies together with a specific landscape vocabulary are the basis for the final design concept and examples. The design vocabulary and strategies are adapted to the quality of each site and support movement between the city and the river in all seasons.

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