In an attempt to illustrate that the developed world has obligations to alleviate severe poverty, Thomas Pogge created a theory driven by human rights to focus on negative rights and duties of the avoidance of harm. His theory of global justice is developed on a minimalist account of what it means to harm. For him, the violation of the negative duty not to harm constitutes an injustice. This injustice is enacted against the citizens of developing nations by the global institutional order. Citizens of the developed world are perpetuating injustice by harming individuals through the imposition of a global order that avoidably causes human rights deficits without due compensation or reform to policies. Many critics take issue with his definition of harm as focused on negative rights, as well as find his theory of causation troublesome. His critics largely object to his assertion that the developed world causally contributes to severe poverty. Critiques of Pogge attempt to demonstrate that it is not the case that the developed world is causally responsible for severe poverty. In doing so, some make reference to domestic factors within developing nations, which they claim Pogge largely neglects. Others argue that the current global institutional order benefits developing nations. Furthermore, some of his critics engage with the normative demands that follow from his argument. They claim he has a minimal definition of harm and injustice that leads to unmanageable maximal obligations. Conversely, there are claims his argument leads to normative demands that are insufficient in redressing injustices. I argue that Pogge’s theory of global justice has developed the foundation necessary to motivate affluent nations to establish a minimally just global institutional order that avoids the perpetuation of avoidable human rights violations. This foundation elucidates and establishes, through the global institutional order, an overarching causal relationship between the world’s affluent nations and the severely poor. This relationship, despite critiques, is essential in order to illustrate that developed world citizens do indeed contribute to severe poverty and so must take action to establish a minimally just institutional order. / Thesis (Master, Philosophy) -- Queen's University, 2009-02-02 16:07:34.355

In the meeting between women from office- and library work and the computer technology and organizational changes, different actions were found. The purpose of the thesis is to analyse this meeting to consider the situation of the employed when computer technology and new organization are implemented, to discuss the importance of prior social and working life with regard to the understanding of the meeting and to address the working conditions in the 1980s with special attention to women. The starting point for the analysis of the meeting is an empirical study. The study uses qualitative data from interviews with 30 women. 24 women expresses criticism, 6 expresses consent, with the renewals. The analysis has three levels. At the first level the contents of the interviews are described. At the second level, from a theory of action, criticism and consent are considered for both foundations and forms of action. At the third level these forms of action are discussed in relation to a list of historical conditions for the social and working life of women generally. The thesis shows, firstly, that in the criticism and the consent there are three forms of action. These are the department-based form of action, the solidarity form and the individual form. Secondly, that in light of the socio-historical structures it becomes possible to see the three forms of action as three types of interest for development of work and organization. Thus behind both criticism and consent there is an interest in development and change. In the context of the socio-historical perspectives this interest is emphasized. The thesis shows, thirdly, that both the hopes and the disappointments of womens prior working life are reproduced in the 1980s. Lastly, that the forms of action and the types of interest reflect the limited possibilities for women in the female-occupations to change their position in the working life. / digitalisering@umu

En choisissant de nous intéresser à l'insertion par l'activité économique et à l'aide à domicile, nous avons cherché à comprendre comment ces deux secteurs se situent face à la force de l'isomorphisme marchand, au nom de valeurs accordant la primauté à des populations vulnérables. Notre travail nous a conduits à nous intéresser aux dynamiques territoriales de développement, et in fine à vérifier les compromis pouvant être construits sur le registre des valeurs partagées entre secteurs et territoires. Notre comparaison interterritoriale, entre la Communauté autonome basque et le Pays basque français s'est donc exercée à deux niveaux. D'une part, celui de deux secteurs de l'économie sociale considérés comme des ordres institutionnels spécifiques. D'autre part, celui des dynamiques territoriales de développement et des principes axiologiques qui les sous-tendent. Notre approche empirique permet de conceptualiser des systèmes territoriaux d'innovation sociale qui produisent une forme de transformation sociale, en marquant leur préférence pour des populations vulnérables en tant qu'objets et sujets de dynamiques territoriales. / How do two welfare sector (socia integration through economic activity, and home care) continue to promote the priorization of vulnerable people in the face of the phenomenon of market froces-driven isomorphism ? This disserttation focuses on the dynamics of territorial development, and assesses the compromises which have been constructed between different sectors and localisations on the basis of shared values. We compared two different locations, the Basque autonomous community (Spain) and the French basque country, conducting our analysis on two distinct levels. Firstly, we compared two sectors of the social economy which constitute specific institutional orders. Secondly, we looked at the territorial dynamics of development and the values systems underpinning them. Our empirical approach enables us to put forward the concept of Territorial systems of social innovation. These systems generate social transformation by priorizing vulnerable populations, both in their role as the recipients of services and as active participants in the shaping of the territorial dynamics.