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Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) has an estimated incidence of nearly 11 million US adults aged 65 years and older. Evidence suggests that the quality of the marital relationship is an important factor for diabetes related health outcomes affecting self-management and adherence (Kiecolt-Glaser & Newton, 2001). However, an individual in need may compensate for primary support that is unavailable or not optimal by looking for other sources of support, which may be important for health outcomes (Rini, et al., 2008). The present study examined compensation for poor spousal support through other social relationships. A total of 12,640 participants reported they had diabetes and were married (Male = 6,317 and Female = 6,323), and of this group 1,084 men and 583 women had died over the course of the study period. Women reported lower spousal support, but significantly more aggregated social support across relationships than men. Few persons reported low spousal support and low support compensation, rendering the cell sizes highly unequal and the associated data uninterpretable. Ancillary analyses were conducted with the idea that some variance in total compensation support may moderate mortality risk finding that higher aggregated social support across non-spousal relationships was associated with lower risk of death accounting for ~3% of the variance in the final model. The current findings demonstrate how an individual can compensate for a poor primary support relationship through a broader support network. These findings should guide future research to focus on how individuals build, maintain, and seek support from social relationships.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1991.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1991.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nutrition and Metabolism, Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on September 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Background: Diabetes is an increasing problem in Hong Kong. Physical activity is an integral part of diabetes care but received surprisingly few attention locally. This study is the first study with focus on physical activity in Type 2 diabetes in Hong Kong. / Conclusion: There is a need to implement physical activity programs for the diabetes patients in Hong Kong. Stage-matched intervention for increasing physical activity level should be introduced into the current diabetes management routine. / Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 576 patients were recruited from two specialized diabetes clinics in Hong Kong for telephone interview. The interview included measures of physical activity (by IPAQ), mental distress (by DASS21), diabetes self-care (by SDSCA), self-care self-efficacy (by DES), exercise efficacy, attitude and subjective norm towards exercise, time-spent on exercise, instrumental social support, and various indicators of diabetes control (HbA1c, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol). Regression models were fitted to identify determinants of physical activity, mental distress, and diabetes self-care. Structural equation modeling was used to model the inter-relationships between the variables. / Results: About half of the patients did not meet international guidelines of physical activity for diabetes patients. Exercise efficacy and attitudes towards exercise are the two dominant factors that predict physical activity level and exhibit significant difference between key stages of change. Level of mental distress was very low and did not correlate with physical activity or diabetes self-care. / Mui, Wai Ho. / Adviser: Joseph T.F. Lau. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-02, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 167-191). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.