A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Geography). Johannesburg, 11 June 2017. / Reclaimer integration in South Africa has been identified as a priority, but how to integrate reclaimers remains a challenge. Crucially, there is not yet a coherent approach or a clear understanding of what reclaimer integration means in South Africa, let alone whether this same understanding of integration is shared by the reclaimers who are being integrated. By focusing on the integration initiatives of the Environment and Infrastructure Services Department (EISD) and Pikitup, this thesis conducts a comparative study of two reclaimer integration projects in Johannesburg. It investigates the breakdown and mismatch of understandings between social actors who do not share the same view of integration and implications thereof. In doing so, it contributes to discourse on the transformation of Johannesburg’s waste management system. Social constructivism theory by Berger and Luckmann (1966) provides the theoretical grounding for this dissertation by exploring how different milieus and experiences shape people’s understanding of realities. Findings illustrate that there is no clear conceptualisation of integration that underpins waste management policy. Drawing on social constructivism theory, the paper concludes that integration is a socially constructed and contested concept. Essentially, there are inconsistent understandings of integration among different groups of reclaimers as well as officials. For that reason, integration programmes created a new form of exclusion and imposed negative effects on reclaimers. KEYWORDS: Integration, Reclaimers, Waste, Policy, Recycling, cooperatives / LG2018

A landfill is in a reserved space on land used for the disposal of refuse by utilizing the principles of engineering to confine the refuse to the smallest practical area to prevent the creation of nuisances to public health or safety (Andersen et al. 1967). However, because landfills are open to the atmosphere, rainfall can saturate them, resulting in a liquid called leachate. Leachate generated within the landfill contains suspended solids, soluble components of the waste and by-products from the degradation of the waste by various micro-organisms. Treatment of leachate is an emerging area of need. In this manuscript the main purpose is to investigate a laboratory scale batch reactor that is able to detoxify and treat leachate by using an advanced oxidation process (i.e. TiO2). Based on the results obtained from this ground breaking research, it appears that the process investigate has the potential to radically change the way landfill leachate is treated. Scale up may provide direction that can be used to improve the efficiency of the different stages of toxicity of leachate during the entire life of a landfill. / by Andrâe McBarnette. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Since the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) began requiring landfills to implement a leachate collection system in 1991, the proper disposal of leachate has become a growing concern. The potential toxicity of landfill leachate will contaminate groundwater and soil if not managed properly. Research has been made in efforts to manage leachate in a cost-effective, single treatment process. Photocatalytic oxidation is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) which has shown ability to reduce toxicity of an array of leachate constituents including organics, inorganics and heavy metals. The purpose of this manuscript is to scale up the batch scale study of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of leachate utilizing a pilot scale falling film reactor. In this research project, the use of UV/TiO2 for the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia, alkalinity and color will be studied in order to optimize catalyst dosage, determine pH effects and reaction kinetics and develop preliminary cost estimates. / by Frank Youngman. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2013. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

The design of a waste collection system affects public health, the extent of participation in the system by residents, the recovery of resources from waste, and the cost of collection. Many developing countries use communal container collection [CCC] systems in which large containers are dispersed throughout neighbourhoods for the storage of waste until collection. These systems tend to have limited success as they often do not garner viable amounts of participation and containers are prone to being overfilled. The communal container waste collection system in the city of Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico was assessed according to the Integrated Solid Waste Management [ISWM] principles of social acceptability, environmental effectiveness, economic affordability and effective management. Information was collected through seven interviews with waste-related managers, 282 residential questionnaires, and 12 informal collector questionnaires. The collection system garners a high participation rate (99%) attributed to: non-burdensome one-way distances from residences to containers (mean 114+/-71m); thorough, daily collection; and a culture of cleanliness. Factors of adherence to waste collection regulations were found to be public knowledge, social acceptability, convenience and perception of importance. The collection system was assessed by rational-intuitive consideration of all indicators and principles, to be mostly acceptable from an ISWM framework due to: a high collection rate (~100% daily) which is enabled by effective monitoring and efficient operation; a high participation rate; similarity of the resource recovery rate to that of other developing and developed countries; and long-term affordability. Areas for improvement in equality of service provision, collaboration with informal collectors, and communication were identified. Lessons learned about communal container collection are applicable to lower-middle and upper-middle income countries.

Orientadores: Carmenlucia Santos Giordano Penteado, Simone Andréa Pozza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T09:16:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosado_LaisPeixoto_M.pdf: 5687649 bytes, checksum: 7494800183e4de975a06593f8025ef5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Os resíduos da construção civil (RCC) são responsáveis por uma parcela substancial dos resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades de médio de grande porte, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento. Em geral, são vistos como resíduos de baixa periculosidade e seu impacto é associado ao grande volume gerado e ao frequente descarte em áreas inadequadas. No entanto, nestes resíduos também são encontrados resíduos perigosos, como tintas, óleos e solventes; além da possibilidade de conter materiais orgânicos e embalagens diversas que podem acumular água e favorecer a proliferação de insetos e outros vetores de doenças. Portanto, o gerenciamento destes resíduos deve considerar os impactos ambientais em todas as fases, bem como diferentes alternativas de gestão. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e analisar um inventário de ciclo de vida de sistemas de gestão de RCC, a fim de identificar as melhores alternativas para minimizar os impactos ambientais. A partir da ferramenta de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), foram comparados três cenários diferentes para o gerenciamento dos RCC do município de Limeira, uma cidade de porte médio localizada na região sudeste do Brasil, a saber: disposição em aterro de RCC Classe A; área de triagem e reciclagem e, utilização dos RCC Classe A como material de pavimentação no complexo municipal de aterros. Na elaboração da análise de inventário do ciclo de vida foram utilizados dados primários, obtidos a partir de levantamento em campo e, dados secundários, provenientes da base de dados Ecoinvent versão 2.2. (2010) e de literatura específica, considerando a unidade funcional de 1 tonelada de RCC. O método de caracterização CML2 baseline 2001 permitiu avaliar os impactos ambientais do atual sistema de gerenciamento dos RCC em Limeira e de cenários alternativos, segundo oito categorias de impacto: depleção dos recursos abióticos, alteração climática, depleção do ozônio estratosférico, toxicidade humana, ecotoxicidade aquática, oxidação fotoquímica, acidificação e eutrofização. Os resultados indicaram que o transporte dos RCC representa um papel decisivo, e que a distância entre os locais de geração para as unidades de reciclagem devem ser consideradas durante o planejamento do gerenciamento, a fim de minimizar os impactos ambientais / Abstract: Construction and demolition wastes (CD&W) account for a substantial portion of the total solid waste produced in cities large and medium-sized, especially in developing countries. They are generally seen as very dangerous waste and its impact is associated with the large volume generated and frenquent disposal in inappropriate areas. However, these residues are also found hazardous waste such as paints oils and solvents; beyond the possibility of contain organic materials and various packaging that can accumulate water and favor the proliferation of insects and other disease vectors. Therefore, the CD&W management must consider the environmental impacts at all stages, as well as from the different management alternatives. The aim of this study is to develop and analyze a life cycle inventory of C&DW management systems, in order to identify the best alternatives to minimize environmental impacts. Three different scenarios to current waste management from a case study in the City of Limeira, a medium-size town in southwest Brazil have been compared: landfilling, recycling at an inert waste sorting and treatment facility and using waste as road paving material for the landfill area. These scenarios were evaluated by means of Life Cycle Assessment, Taking the management of 1 ton of C&DW as the functional unit, the life cycle inventory was performed using primary data obtained from field survey and secondary data from the database Ecoinvent version 2.2., and from the literature. The method CML2 baseline 2001 was used for environmental impacts evaluation of the current CD&W management system and the impacts of the proposed scenarios. The impact categories considered were abiotic depletion of resources, global warming potential, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. The results indicated that the transport of C&DW represents a decisive role, and that the distance between the generation sites for recycling facilities should be considered when planning the management in order to minimize environmental impacts / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

A fast increase of municipal solid waste (MSW) has become the most concerning environmental problem in Vietnam, especially in the Mekong Delta region, that is considered one of the most vulnerable deltas to climate change in the world. There are 12 provinces and one central city in MD that occupy about 12% of the whole area of the nation with 5% of MSW generated. However, there is no currently effective management system in place for treatment and management of MSW in the MD. Landfill is the sole treatment option for MSW right now. With a low-level plain, MD is facing the most serious environmental problem in the near future with an effect of climate change and sea level rising. The landfill should not be considered for long-term use in this area. Suitable treatment options for MSW should be applied together with other solutions for reuse, recycling and reduction of MSW as well as pollution prevention issue. An integrated MSW management approach in adaptation to climate change is considered necessary. / Sự tăng nhanh chất thải rắn đã trở thành vấn đề vấn đề môi trường được quan tâm nhất ở Việt Nam, đặc biệt là ở khu Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long một trong những đồng bằng dễ bị tổn thương bởi sự biến đổi khí hậu nhất trên thế giới. Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long có 12 tỉnh và một thành phố trực thuộc trung ương, chiếm 12% diện tích của cả nước với khoảng 5% lượng chất thải rắn phát sinh. Tuy nhiên, hiện nay chưa có một hệ thống quản lý hiệu quả cho chất thải rắn ở khu vực. Bãi rác là lựa chọn xử lý duy nhất ở thời điểm này. Với cao độ thấp, Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long đang đối mặt với ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của các vấn đề môi trường trong tương lai gần bởi ảnh hưởng của sự biến đổi khí hậu và nước biển dâng. Về lâu dài bãi rác không nên sử dụng ở khu vực này. Các lựa chọn xử lý thích hợp cho chất thải rắn cần được áp dụng cùng với các giải pháp khác như tái sử dụng, tái chế và giảm thiểu chất thải rắn cũng như các giải pháp ngăn ngừa ô nhiễm. Cách tiếp cận quản lý tổng hợp chất thải rắn nhằm ứng phó sự biến đổi khí hậu cần được xem xét.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Johannesburg generates in excess of 1 500 000 tonnes of general waste annually and has on average 10 years’ lifespan remaining on its four landfill sites. As a signatory to the Polokwane Declaration, the City of Johannesburg has recognised the need for new interventions to divert waste from landfills by various methods, such as separation at source; alternative treatment methods and the conversion of waste to energy. Progress has, however, been slow and this research aims to investigate alternative waste management techniques that can be applied in the City of Johannesburg to fast track the realisation of these targets. Using scenario planning techniques, the research considers implications for policy and management decisions in realising the best possible future in the area of waste management in Johannesburg. The scenario process was used to develop the following scenarios for waste management in Johannesburg: Long walk to freedom. Waste collection coverage includes pockets of the community where waste collections services are less than optimal. The residents of the city, particularly in these underserviced areas, are also not very knowledgeable of the impact that the waste generated within their communities can have on the environment and what alternatives there are to manage this. Pick it up. The City provides full services to a society that functions in relative oblivion of the implications of their behaviour on the environment. It is assumed to be the role of government to “pick up” after communities and dispose of waste. This scenario is oblivious of the waste hierarchy and the role communities could play in minimising waste. Wishing on a star. The city continues to have under-serviced areas, public awareness is high and this fuels correct behaviour and a mind-set shift with regard to waste management. Working together we can do more. The City optimises its service provision to cover all areas while also ensuring maximum public awareness and behaviour change with regard to waste management.

O aumento da população nos meios urbanos, juntamente com o modo de produção capitalista que incentiva o consumo, resultaram no aumento da produção de resíduos em todo o mundo, tornando-se mais um problema a ser administrado pelo município. A gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos não é tarefa simples, pois envolve vários aspectos a serem gerenciados como políticas públicas, estrutura física, escassez de recursos e conhecimento sobre o assunto, além de capacidade técnica das operações envolvidas. Os impactos provenientes da disposição final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos, conseqüência da má gestão de resíduos sólidos, comprometem o meio ambiente, influenciam a qualidade de vida da população e aumentam os gastos das prefeituras com a remediação dos problemas, sendo que estes recursos poderiam ser alocados em outros setores mais necessitados. No Brasil, grande parte dos municípios com menos de 20.000 habitantes não conseguem destinar seus resíduos sólidos de maneira adequada, sendo eles os mais atingidos por esse problema. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi a de realizar uma proposta de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos domiciliares, com uso da ferramenta de gestão Balanced Scorecard (BSC), elaborada a partir dos princípios e objetivos da Política Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos de São Paulo. A pesquisa visou à sustentabilidade como foco e por isso foram considerados na construção dessa ferramenta aspectos relacionados às dimensões econômicas, ambientais, sociais, culturais e políticas. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta de BSC foram utilizados dados secundários técnicos e acadêmicos, além de informações da legislação e regulação brasileira e paulista que serviram de base para a proposição de indicadores de sustentabilidade. O resultado foi a elaboração de uma estrutura de BSC genérica para auxílio na gestão pública deste setor. A ferramenta proposta pode ser aplicada a qualquer localidade, bastando adaptá-la às necessidades e às características locais. Verificou-se que para a máxima eficiência na gestão dos resíduos sólidos há necessidade de participação popular efetiva e vontade política dos governantes, pois o grande desafio do setor seria ainda fazer com que toda sociedade revisse o seu modo de consumo. Para que isso aconteça, ações governamentais de conscientização são de fundamental importância. A ferramenta proposto é de grande auxílio na Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos, pois consegue integrar aspectos de gestão e de gerenciamento das atividades deste setor. O usa da ferramenta tem como característica o alcance da sustentabilidade por meio da inserção das dimensões econômicas, ambientais e sociais nas quatro perspectivas do BSC Além disso, a ferramenta proposta deve ser continuada entre governos, pois o BSC tem a característica de alcance de resultados em longo prazo. Pretendeu-se, com essa pesquisa, auxiliar os municípios em sua gestão de resíduos sólidos além de contribuir com a promoção da conscientização ambiental no meio acadêmico e da sociedade em geral. / The increase of the population in the cities due to some factors, resulted in the enlargement of the production of the garbage, becoming this in another sector to be managed by the municipal district. To make the management of solid waste is not easy question, therefore it involves some aspects to be managed as publish politics, physical structure, scarcity of resources, the lack of knowledge on the subject and capacity limited technique. The impacts from inadequate final disposition of the solid waste, consequence of repute management, impact the environment, act on the quality life of population and increase the expenses of the City Hall destining resources in the remediation of problems, in fact that these resources could be replaced in others weakness sectors. In Brazil the cities with less than 20.000 do not achieve the destination of these solid wastes on the right form. They have been reached by this problem in a large scale. The main objective of this research was to make a proposal for integrated management of municipal solid waste at home, using the management tool Balanced Scorecard (BSC), developed from the principles and objectives of State Policy for Solid Waste São Paulo. The research aimed to focus on sustainability and therefore was considered in developing this tool aspects of the economic, environmental, social, cultural and political. For the development of the proposed BSC secondary data were used - technical and academic, in addition to information legislation and regulation Brazil and Sao Paulo that formed the basis for the proposal of sustainability indicators. The result was the elaboration of a structure of BSC general to aid in the management of public sector. The proposed tool can be applied to any location, just adapt it to local needs and theirs characteristics. It was found that for maximum efficiency in the management of solid waste there is need a popular participation and effective political will of rulers, because the great challenge of the sector would also make the entire society revise its mode of consumption. For that to happen, government action awareness is essential. The proposed tool is a great help in Integrated Solid Waste, for it can integrate aspects of management and managing the activities of this sector. The use of the tool is characterized by achieving sustainability through the integration of economic, environmental and social in the four BSC perspectives. Moreover, the proposed tool should be continued between governments, because the BSC has the characteristic of achieving results in long term. It was intended, with this research, assist municipalities in their solid waste management in addition to contributing to the promotion of environmental awareness in academia and society in general.

Cada vez mais se buscam soluções para as questões ambientais. Com os resíduos sólidos não é diferente. A Lei Federal nº 12.305 de 02 de agosto de 2010 regulamentada pelo Decreto Federal nº 7.404 de 23 de dezembro de 2010 estabelece preceitos e ferramentas que visam a gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos. O Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos (PMGIRS) é uma dessas ferramentas, primeiramente com o diagnóstico da situação atual dos municípios na gestão de resíduos e posteriormente buscando metas e soluções para atender o que foi estabelecido nas referidas legislações. Os municípios tinham, pela referida Lei, até o dia 02 de agosto de 2012 para terem elaborado seus respectivos PMGIRS. O presente trabalho visa diagnosticar a situação atual da gestão dos resíduos sólidos dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, a partir dos PMGIRS elaborados. Como o Estado de São Paulo possui muitos municípios (645), verificou-se a necessidade de realização de amostragem, definindo 244 municípios como universo de estudo. A metodologia empregada foi elaboração e envio de um ofício às Prefeituras Municipais dos municípios amostrados, solicitando informações sobre a situação atual da elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos. Ao mesmo tempo os sites oficiais (prefeitura e câmara municipal) dos municípios amostrados foram consultados visando obter informações e acesso ao Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos elaborado. 99 municípios responderam ao ofício e somando-se os dados obtidos nos sites oficiais concluiu-se que 32 municípios apresentaram os Planos Municipais de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos oficialmente aprovados pela municipalidade. Destes, 23 estavam disponíveis para análise e assim foram analisados. Dentre as constatações dos planos analisados podem-se citar: os resíduos de construção civil são os gerados em maior quantidade nos municípios, no entanto, de maneira geral, ainda são alvo de despejo clandestino e carecem de gestão que possibilite atender os preceitos da Lei 12.305/10. Com relação aos pneus, muitas Prefeituras possuem convênio com a entidade Reciclanip para promover o transporte e destinação adequada. Os PMGIRS analisados possibilitaram um diagnóstico da situação atual da gestão dos resíduos sólidos gerados nos municípios, bem como estabelecimento de metas concretas, com base no diagnóstico obtido. / Each more solutions have been seeking to environmental issues. With the solid waste is no different. Federal Law No. 12,305 of August 2, 2010 regulated by Federal Decree No. 7,404 of December 23, 2010 establishes principles and tools for the integrated management of solid waste. The Municipal Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management (MPISWM) is one such tool, first with the diagnosis of the current situation of the municipalities in the management of waste and later seeking goals and solutions to meet what was established in the said legislation. The municipalities had, by law, until August 2, 2012 for having prepared their respective MPISWM. The present work aims to diagnose the current situation of the municipal solid waste management in the State of São Paulo, from MPISWM. As the State of São Paulo has many municipalities (645), the need for sampling by setting 244 municipalities as the universe of study. The methodology employed was preparing and sending a letter to the municipal administrations of the municipalities sampled, requesting information on the current situation of the Municipal plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management. At the same time the official sites (City Hall and Town Hall) of the cities sampled were consulted for information and access to the Municipal Plan of Integrated Solid Waste Management. 99 municipalities responded to the letter and adding to the data obtained in official sites was found that 32 municipalities have Municipal Plans of Integrated Solid Waste Management officially approved by the municipality. Of these, 23 were available for analysis and so were analyzed. One of the findings of the analyzed plans can include: construction waste are produced in greater quantity in the municipalities, however, in general, are still the target of illegal evictions and lack of management that makes it possible to meet the precepts of Law 12,305/10. With respect to tires, many Prefectures have an agreement with the Reciclanip entity to promote transportation and proper disposal. The MPISWM analyzed allowed a diagnosis of the current situation of solid waste management in municipalities, as well as establishing concrete targets, based on the diagnosis obtained.