As the professional practice of intelligence collection adapts to the changing environment of the twenty-first century, many academic experts and intelligence professionals have called for a coherent ethical framework that outlines exactly when, by what means and to what ends intelligence is justified. Recent controversies, including reports of abuse at Guantanamo Bay and Abu Ghraib, allegations of extraordinary rendition programmes and the ever-increasing pervasiveness of the 'surveillance state', have all raised concerns regarding the role of intelligence in society. As a result, there is increased debate regarding the question of whether or not intelligence collection can be carried out ethically. This thesis will tackle this question by creating an ethical framework specifically designed for intelligence that is capable of outlining under what circumstances, if any, different intelligence collection activities are ethically permissible. This thesis argues that there is a tension presented by intelligence collection between the damage that it can cause and the important, ethical role it can play in the political community. In order to deal with this tension the ethical framework proposed in this thesis is comprised of two parts. The first part is designed to recognise those features of intelligence that might be considered ethically unacceptable by highlighting the 'harm' it can cause. Once the harm is understood, the second part of the ethical framework establishes a set of Just Intelligence Principles that can outline if and when the harms caused are justified. These Just Intelligence Principles are developed by drawing upon the just war tradition and its criteria of just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort, proportionality and discrimination. By placing the harm that intelligence can cause into context with the Just Intelligence Principles it is possible to limit the use of intelligence while recognising the important role it plays in protecting the political community. Once the ethical framework has been established in Chapter One it is then applied to a range of intelligence collection activities in Chapters Two, Three, Four and Five. This thesis will examine three of the most prominent collection disciplines in the field of intelligence studies: imagery intelligence, signals intelligence and human intelligence. By applying the ethical framework established in the beginning of the thesis to these three important intelligence collection disciplines, it is possible to better understand the ethical framework. The main argument of this thesis will be that the most appropriate ethical framework for intelligence collection is one which is able to recognise that intelligence collection does indeed cause harm, but that sometimes this harm is necessary in order to protect the political community.

Présenté à l'origine par l'auteur comme thèse (Ph. D.) Leland Stanford Junior University, 1919. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 déc. 2006). In PsycBOOKS. Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version papier.

Revision of the author's thesis, Resident School of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Sc. (Computer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Summaries in Afrikaans and English. Includes bibliographical references.

Published also as thesis (Ph. D.) Leland Stanford Junior University, 1919. / "'What is the nature of mind?' This question, propounded when man first became conscious of himself, still remains but inadequately answered. Nevertheless, some evident progress has been made. The light of scientific progress is gradually penetrating the various nooks and recesses of our mental life, and the machinery of thought, although dimly revealed, is becoming more apparent in its operation. This monograph is but a mere fragment, explaining little if anything regarding the dynamics of mental process, yet it hopes to place a variety of perplexing problems in a new perspective. We shall have occasion, for example, to examine some current definitions of intelligence, and we shall indicate wherein our research into the value and significance of completion and combination tests forces us to a reconsideration of the criteria of intelligence and to a restatement and a redefining of some fundamental principles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)"--Introduction. -- Also issued in print. Bibliography: p.33-35. Electronic reproduction. Washington, D.C. : American Psychological Association, 2005. Available via the World Wide Web. Access limited by licensing agreement.

Published also as thesis (Ph. D.) Leland Stanford Junior University, 1919. / Bibliography: p.33-35. Also issued in print.

The ultimate goal of modern constitutionalism is to protect the human rights, and its realization is the establishment of a "limited government." To maintain national security, protect our society and people from all hazard, is the obligation of the government which owning the national executive power. In order to secure the national security, national defense, diplomacy and intelligence become the most important affairs of the government, and also with less oversight from the legislative power. The national intelligence services will influence the success or failure of national defense and diplomacy. To acquiring more early warning time, intelligence services are the indispensable work to secure the national security. Depending on the principle of Rule of Law of modern constitutionalism, the intelligence organizations shall follow the principle of rule by law. Also, the positive rule by law must abide by the ¡§Vorbehalt des Gesetzes.¡¨ Basing on the check and balance, intelligence services should be over-sighted by the legislative branch. However, because of the nature of secrecy, intelligence services should be only over-sighted in essential and limited sphere to avoid endangering agents¡¦ security and operations. This paper analyzes laws, histories and practices of the intelligence organizations in the United States, Germany and ROC, as well as intelligence-and-administration-in-one or separation. We also compare the tasks, missions and laws of intelligence operations of the United States, Germany and ROC. This paper also studies on how intelligence agencies are supervised by Congress in the principle of balance and check. This paper finds that the Intelligence Service Law of ROC is equivocalness between information and intelligence. Information collection through secret way is adopted by indefinite law concept, therefore, people lack the right of information self-determination and post-relief system. Legislative oversight lacks the substantial meaning, and merely has the work of administrative oversight by law. To establish the Intelligence Oversight Board seems to be not necessary.

Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Counseling, 2007. / "May, 2007." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 04/02/2008) Advisor, Cynthia Reynolds; Committee members, Isadore Newman, Carole Newman, Sandra Perosa, Fred Ziegler; Interim Department Chair, Sajit Zachariah; Dean of the College, Patricia A. Nelson; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2006. / Title from title screen (viewed 27 February 2007). Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Psychology. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Thesis (MSc (Computer science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-119)