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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Caractérisation des défenses immunitaires de la muqueuse olfactive, porte d’entrée de virus vers le système nerveux central / Characterization of the immune defenses of the olfactory mucosa, a privileged pathway for viruses toward the central nervous system

Bryche, Bertrand 01 October 2019 (has links)
Le système nerveux central est isolé de l’environnement grâce à un ensemble de barrières, incluant la barrière osseuse et la barrière hémato-encéphalique. Il existe cependant des zones où ces barrières sont absentes ou affaiblies, et c’est notamment le cas au niveau des nerfs olfactifs qui ont pour origine les neurones présents dans la cavité nasale. Ces neurones participent à la détection des odeurs et leurs axones contactent directement le système nerveux central au niveau des bulbes olfactifs en traversant la lame criblée de l’éthmoïde. Cette « voie olfactive » représente ainsi un site d’entrée privilégié de certains pathogènes vers le cerveau. La muqueuse olfactive, du fait de son positionnement à l’interface entre l’environnement et le système nerveux central, constitue donc une zone particulièrement sensible sur le plan immunologique. Si cette muqueuse est connue pour produire des composants antimicrobiens, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires mobilisés dans le cadre d’infections par des pathogènes respiratoires restent peu décrits.Au cours de ma thèse, nous nous sommes tout d’abord focalisés sur l’interleukine 17c, connue comme puissant médiateur des réponses immunitaires innées épithéliales respiratoires et dont les récepteurs sont exprimés dans la muqueuse olfactive. Nous avons notamment pu montrer qu’elle était mobilisée in vivo dans un contexte mimant une infection virale et qu’elle favorisait le renouvellement épithélial ainsi que l’infiltration de cellules immunitaires. En voulant caractériser son action dans un contexte viral, nous avons été amenés à étudier les effets de deux virus respiratoires sur la muqueuse olfactive (le virus influenza et le virus respiratoire syncytial). Nous avons observé que les deux virus pouvaient infecter efficacement les neurones sensoriels olfactifs, mais avec une charge virale plus élevée pour influenza. A dose équivalente, le virus de la grippe provoque d'importants dégâts dans la muqueuse olfactive mais ne s’établit pas durablement dans la muqueuse, ce qui suggère que ce virus est éliminé très efficacement et rapidement. En nous focalisant sur les processus d'élimination des neurones sensoriels olfactifs infectés, nous avons identifié un nouveau mécanisme antiviral précoce basé sur l'élastase, une enzyme précédemment décrite comme sécrétée par les neutrophiles, principaux acteurs du système immunitaire inné.Dans l’ensemble, ces travaux de thèse mettent en lumière les défenses immunitaires présentes dans la cavité nasale contre les virus respiratoires et apportent de nouvelles perspectives dans le contrôle des virus infectant le système nerveux central par la voie olfactive. / The central nervous system is sheltered from the environment thanks to cranial bones and the blood brain barrier. Some parts of these barriers are weaker, especially around olfactory nerves originating from olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal cavity. These neurons detect odorants and their axons cross the cribriform plate to project directly into the brain at the level of the olfactory bulbs. The cribriform plate is a thin and perforated area of the cranial bones allowing the crossing of the olfactory nerves. This “olfactory pathway” constitutes a privileged entry site for viruses toward the central nervous system. Hence, the olfactory mucosa represents a particularly sensitive area for the immune system. While the olfactory mucosa is known to produce various anti-microbial compounds, the described molecular and cellular mechanism of immune system defenses against viruses remains sparse.The interleukin 17c (IL-17c) is known as an innate immunity response actor in the respiratory epithelium. While its receptors are expressed in the olfactory mucosa, its role in this tissue was unknown. We found that IL-17c is involved in olfactory mucosa responses to Poly(I:C) mimicking virus presence. We observed that nasal instillation of IL-17c accelerated the olfactory mucosa turn-over and induced its infiltration by immune cells. In attempt to characterize the role of IL-17c in a real viral context, we started to focus on the impact of two viruses of the respiratory tract: influenza and the respiratory syncytial virus. We observed that both viruses could effectively infect olfactory sensory neurons but with a higher virus load for influenza. Indeed, at similar doses, influenza induced important damages in the olfactory mucosa but was not present, indicating that influenza virus is very effectively and rapidly eliminated from the olfactory mucosa. By focusing on the elimination processes of infected olfactory sensory neurons, we identified a novel early anti-viral mechanism based on elastase, an enzyme previously described as secreted by neutrophils, main actors of the innate immunity system.Overall, my PhD results provide new insights on the immune defenses present in the olfactory mucosa against respiratory viruses and could bring new perspectives in the control of virus infecting the central nervous system.
2

The Regulation of IL-17C Expression in the Human Colonic Epithelium in the Presence of Th17 Stimulatory Cytokines

Swedik, Stephanie Marie 26 August 2022 (has links)
No description available.
3

Optimization of immunotherapeutic relevant ABD-derived affinity proteins for prolonged serum half-life

Bergström, Ebba January 2022 (has links)
Marknaden för proteinbaserade läkemedel, de så kallade biologiska läkemedlen, är idag en industri som omsätter miljarder. Ett vanligt sätt att utveckla dessa läkemedel på är med hjälp av monoklonala antikroppar då de kan binda till sitt mål med hög specificitet. Däremot begränsas denna teknik av en lång och dyr produktion som dessutom kräver däggdjursbaserade uttrycksystem. En alternativ teknik till de monoklonala antikropparna är att använda små proteiner som enkelt kan produceras i bakterier till en låg kostnad. Dock begränsas denna metod av de små proteinernas korta cirkuleringstid i blodet. I ett tidigare projekt, har ett litet protein vid namnet ABDderived affinity ProTein (ADAPT) på cirka 7 kDa, utvecklats för att kunna binda till både humant serumalbumin (HSA) för att förlänga cirkulationstiden i blodet och Interleukin 17c (IL17c) som är ett pro-inflammatorisk cytokin. Studien visade dock att ADAPT proteinet inte samtidigt kunde binda till de båda molekylerna tillräckligt effektivt. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka om det nämnda proteinet kan optimeras genom så kallad multimering och/eller manipulering av bindningssätet för HSA i syfte att åstadkomma en effektiv och mer långvarig cirkulationstid i blodet samtidigt som det binder sig till sitt mål, IL17c. Tio nya versioner av ADAPT proteinet har utvecklats genom att klona och transformera proteiner till en högt producerande Escherichia coli (E. coli) stam. Proteinerna har sedan producerats och renats fram. Det kunde observeras att proteinerna hade den önskade renheten för att kunna karaktäriseras. Vidare var det möjligt att se att proteinerna hade sin önskade molekylvikt och erhöll sin förväntade struktur som en alfahelix. Proteinernas smältpunkter hade förbättrats eller var liknande jämfört med det ursprungliga proteinet. Dessutom kunde alla proteiner återgå till sin ursprungliga struktur efter upphettning. Utvärderingen av proteinernas bindningskapacitet, med original proteinet som referens, visade på en ökad affinitet till sitt mål, IL17c, för två dimerer och trimeren samt en jämförbar affinitet för två av monomererna med ett manipulerat bindingssäte till HSA. Interaktion till HSA var jämförbar med den ursprungliga ADAPT molekylen för alla nya varianter förutom monomererna med ett manipulerat bindingssäte och dimeren med två manipulerat bindingssäten till HSA. Evaluering av de nya proteinernas kapacitet att binda samtidigt till HSA och IL17c visade att det var gynnsamt med en dimereiserad molekyl då det skapade en distans mellan molekylerna och dess bindningssäten. Vidare kunde det också visas att ordningen som molekylerna interagerade med varandra påverkade proteinernas simultana bindning. / The market for protein-based drugs, or the so-called biopharmaceuticals, is a multibillion-dollar industry today. In the development of protein-based drugs it is common to use monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) due to their ability to bind to its target with high specificity. However, therapeutical development of mAbs is limited by its long and expensive production in mammalian expression system. An alternative to mAbs are the so-called alternative scaffolds which are small proteins that can be produced in bacteria at lower costs. Although a drawback with the latter proteins is their short serum half-life. A small scaffold protein, ABD-Derived Affinity ProTein (ADAPT) of approximate 7 kDa was earlier engineered to obtain bispecific affinity, to Human Serum Albumin (HSA), to extend its half-life, as well as to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, Interleukin 17c (IL17c). Unfortunately, it was shown that the simultaneous binding was not efficient enough for its desired purpose. The aim with this project was therefore to investigate if the previous mentioned binder could be optimized by multimerization and/or manipulation of the HSA binding site for an efficient half-life extension. By generating ten new designs of the ADAPT variants, it was observed that the new variants had stable alpha helical structures and an improved or similar melting temperature as the original variant. The evaluation of the target binding displayed an improved affinity to the target, IL17c, for two of the dimeric versions as well as for the trimer and a comparable affinity for two of the monomers with a manipulated HAS binding site. The interaction to HSA was comparable to the original ADAPT for all binders except from the monomers with impaired HSA binding and the dimer with two impaired HSA binding sites. The evaluation of the simultaneous binding showed that it was favored by dimerization when a distance between the two molecule and their binding surfaces was added. Moreover, it could also be seen that the order of binding events had an impact on the simultaneous binding.

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