Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have been successfully applied in detection of susceptibility loci for complex diseases, but most of the identified variants have a large to moderate effect, and explain only a limited proportion of the heritability of the diseases. It is believed that the majority of the latent risk alleles have very small risk effects that are difficult to be identified and GWA study may have inadequate power in dealing with those small effect variants. Researchers will often collect other phenotypic information in addition to disease status to maximize the output from the study. Some of the phenotypes can be on the pathway to the disease, i.e., intermediate phenotype. Statistical methods based on both the disease status and intermediate phenotype should be more powerful than a case-control study as it incorporates more information. Meta-analysis has been used in genetic association analysis for many years to combine information from multiple populations, but never been used in a single population GWA study. In this study, simulations were conducted and the results show that when an intermediate phenotype is available, the meta-analysis incorporating the disease status and intermediate phenotype information from a single population has more power than a case-control study only in GWA study of complex diseases, especially for identification of those loci that have a very small effect. And compared with Fisher's method, the modified inverse variance weighted meta-analysis method is more robust as it is more powerful and has a lower type I error rate at the same time, which provides a potent approach in detecting the susceptibility loci associated with complex diseases, especially for those latent loci whose effect are very small. In the meta-analysis of lung cancer with smoking data, the results replicate the signal in \emph{CHRNA3} and \emph{CHRNA5} genes on chromosome 15q25. Some new signals in \emph{CYP2F1} on chromosome 19, \emph{SUMF1} on chromosome 3, and \emph{ARHGAP10} on chromosome 4 are also detected. And the \emph{CYP2F1} gene, close to the already known cigarette-induced lung cancer gene \emph{CYP2A6}, is highly possible another cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene that is related to the smoking-involved lung cancer. The meta-analysis of rheumatoid arthritis with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) data identified new signals on 9q24 and 16q12. There are evidences these two regions are involved in other autoimmune diseases and different autoimmune/inflammatory diseases may share same genetic susceptibility loci. Both the theoretical and empirical studies show that the modified variance weighted meta-analysis method is a robust method and is a potent approach in detecting the susceptibility loci associated with complex diseases when an intermediate phenotype is available.

Les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) sont d’une étiologie complexe et elles sont soumises à de nombreux facteurs environnementaux ainsi que génétiques. Malgré les succès obtenus, pendant la dernière décennie, et pour réduire la mortalité CV il est nécessaire l’identification de nouveaux biomarqueurs en utilisant des approches différentes. Cette thèse propose une approche intégrative pour découvrir de nouvelles associations génétiques associés avec les MCV. Nous avons d’abord réuni les résultats existants grâce à des GWAS précédents, puis nous avons recherché la pléiotropie de ces gènes et nous avons dirigé nos efforts vers une possible traduction des résultats obtenus dans l’application clinique. Nous avons détecté les effets pléiotropiques de différent gènes (IL-6R et ABO) avec différents phénotypes lipidiques et inflammatoires. Par ailleurs, nous avons trouvé quelques associations gène-genre intéressantes pour certains gènes étudiés (ABO et GNB3). Concernant l’implémentation clinique des connaissances obtenues par cette thèse, une SNP dans le gène TREM-1, pourrait être utilisé comme un marqueur de risque pour différentes maladies, et nous avons déposé un brevet Européen et nous envisageons de mener des essais cliniques de chez les patients. D’autre part, nous avons détecté une haplotype du gène IL6R qui pourrait être utilisés dans la médecine personnalisée. Nos résultats aident à mieux comprendre comment les gènes étudiés exercent leurs effets au niveau moléculaire, en influant finalement sur l’état des patients souffrant de MCV. Nous espérons que nos résultats vont être pris en compte pour faire progresser la médecine personnalisée / Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are complex diseases where many environmental and genetic factors are involved. Although the genetic aetiology of the CVD has been extensively investigated the last two decades, alternative approaches are needed in order to keep advancing in the pathophysiology of CVD. In this thesis, we propose an integrative approach to discover new genetic associations potentially involved in CVD. We chose previous GWAS hits and we centred our efforts in studying the pleiotropic and gene-gender interaction effects. Finally, we focused on the implementation of personalized genome-based therapy of the results obtained. New pleiotropic effects were discovered in the IL-6R and ABO genes relating them with different inflammatory and lipid phenotypes. In addition, we studied the gene-gender interaction effects, finding some sex-specific associations in two of the genes studied (ABO and GNB3). Further, we centered our efforts in implementing the results obtained during the thesis at the clinical level. One SNP within the TREM-1 gene was associated with increased levels of its protein and could be used as a predictor or risk biomarker for different diseases. Due to the high potential of this SNP, we applied a European patent and we are planning to start clinical trials in patients. Also, one haplotype in the IL-6R gene could be used in the treatment of personalized medicine. During this thesis, we discovered new gene-phenotype associations involved in CVD and other diseases. Our results help to better understand how the studied genes are exerting their effects at the molecular level. Our results will hopefully be taken into account in future personalized treatments