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Protectionism is found to be the most significant cause of distortion in the international wheat market. In some cases, however, in particular the US Export Enhancement Program, it appears to be counter-distortionary i.e. redressing distortions on trade patterns caused by other protectionist policies. Also, the effects of including in the model countries additional to those in the basic model are analysed, and a comparison with the international soya market is made.

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No description available.

The implications of the single European market on India's exports of textile and clothing industries to the EU can be summarised in the following four statements: 1. The trade creation effect has been witnessed for many of India’s textile and clothing exports. It is the consumption effects, rather than the efficiency related effects, that stimulated the trade creation effect for India's exports to the EU. The benefits of the trade creation for India's textile exports are absolute as India continued to maintain its role as a leading textile exporting nation to the EU. Since India's textile exporters did not witness any intense competition from the geographically adjacent non-member countries, or from the distant non-member countries, the Indian textile exporters continued to reap the benefits of the trade creation effect in the single European market. Even the leading distant non-member countries, which are traditional exporters like China, did not pose greater competition to India's textile exports to the EU. 2. There has been a trade diversion effect in selected product categories. This is particularly true in the case of garment exports. The arrival of the imports from Central and East European countries constituted direct competition to India's exports to the EU. There has also been an intense competition among the garment exporting countries. This is particularly true in the case of the geographically adjacent non-member countries. These countries exploit the maximum benefits offered to them by the EU's OPT with these countries. This is facilitated by the member countries' preference to keep their textile industries at home. 3. There has not been any trade suppression effect witnessed in the EU for India's textile and clothing exports. Though the traditional arguments of customs union theory expected the trade suppression effect to be witnessed in the enlarged market, this has not been witnessed in the European textile and clothing industries. Two reasons could explain the lack of trade suppression effect in the EU. The member countries' success in the OPT dissuade them from resorting to the domestic production of the same goods, which could be successfully produced and imported from the geographically adjacent non-member countries. Though there have been protectionist tendencies in many of the member countries to insulate their textile and clothing industries against low-cost imports, they have not resulted in the trade suppression effect in the EU. Even though the member countries witness a decline in their textile and clothing industries consistently, there has not been any effort to replace low-cost imports by domestic production. This is mainly because of the liberal trade regime, imposed on the developed member countries under the multilateral trade negotiations, which make trade in this industry more competitive. 4. However there has been the trade contraction effect witnessed in one particular product category. The trade in silk woven fabrics witnessed an overall fall in its trade both within and without the EU. But this could not be attributed to the formation of the single European market. The developed member countries' changing fabric preference from silk towards artificial fabric could be attributed to the fall in the EU's overall trade in this product category. Nevertheless the EU's trade contraction effect did not have any adverse effect on India's exports because India is the leading exporter in this product category (accounting for about 46 per cent of extra-EU imports in 1999).

Despite the fact that the Commission of the European Community has made Korea one of three main target countries of anti-dumping measures, because Korea is pressing to export more of the electronics products which the Community is struggling to protect, study of the Community Antidumping Law in Korea has barely begun. Therefore, in this thesis, the measures that may be imposed by Community authorities with respect to trade with countries not members of the European Community, especially with Korea, under the Community Anti-dumping Regulation, in the context of the GATT Anti-dumping system are explained and analysed. With regard to the Community's anti-dumping rules, protectionist bias in their application is examined, in particular the determination of normal value and export price, constructed normal value and constructed export price, the comparison of normal value and export price, the calculation of dumping margin, and the determination of injury, and proposals are made as to the extent to which the Community anti-dumping rules need to be revised to diminish the bias in their range that explicitly favours Community producers and a finding of dumping, in the context of the GATT rules. With regard to the Korean Anti-dumping rules, on the other hand, they are introduced, generally. Anti-dumping measures in Korea have not been applied properly in favour of Korean producers, mainly because of the lack of transparency and institutional inertia. Therefore, enactment of a special Act governing anti-dumping complaints, modelled on a unitary system rather than a bifurcated system, should be considered for the transparent and speedy investigations. Institutional inertia must be rectified, i.e., more precise definition is required in some terminologies, and provisions on cumulation and anti-circumvention should have been prescribed before their application. Through a comparative study of the anti-dumping laws in the Community and Korea, it becomes clear that various aspects of the technical methodology applied by the authorities in anti-dumping determinations have a tendency to make findings of dumping largely automatic and inevitable. Therefore, it must always be borne in mind that anti-dumping measures can be imposed only where dumping and resulting injury is actually established, not artificially. This study has looked at anti-dumping laws in the Community and Korea comparatively, in the context of the GATT Anti-dumping rules. The Community refers to GATT and the Code in the preamble of its anti-dumping regulation, which has no binding effect in Court, and adopts the regulation in accordance with existing international obligations, in particular those arising from Article VI of the GATT and from the GATT Anti-dumping Code. However, this does not ensure an interpretation in conformity with GATT rules and its spirit, because the wording of the GATT anti-dumping rules taken literally is very ambiguous and can be interpreted very differently. Therefore, a comparative study with the Community's antidumping rules and its practice as a legislative model should be very helpful, in order to improve the current Korean anti-dumping system, because the GATT anti-dumping rules can play a very limited role only as a guideline.

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This study is an empirical investigation of the marketing concept adoption by the authorities of Free Trade Zones (FTZs) throughout the world. The aim of the study is to gain an insight into the marketing orientation of the FTZs authorities by systematically Identifying, analysing and evaluating the attitudes of selected FTZs authorities towards the adoption of the marketing concept in the operations of their zones. Therefore, forty variables representing the key elements of the marketing concept (i. e., satisfying the customer needs, achieving organisational goals and integrating the marketing functions) are developed to describe and profile the FTZs according to their marketing orientation. , Before starting the data analysis, an attempt is made to develop a proper understanding of FTZs. Therefore, a thorough investigation is conducted on FTZs In terms of a variety of aspects including the historical development, the broad concept of free trade; the definitions, the types, the characteristics, and the advantages of FTZs; the FTZs development, spread, and status in modern times; and the future of FTZs. The efforts made here resulted In the production of two different models. One model shows how FTZs; are related to and distinguished from other forms of the broader concept of free trade. The other model presents an alternative way of classifying the different types of FTZs. In addition, since this study is about the marketing orientation of FTZs, the marketing concept is explored in terms of; its evolution, its contrast with other management philosophies, its criticism, and its relevance to this study. The presentation of the marketing concept is concluded with a further model depicting the flow of transactions involved in a FTZ enterprise. Of particular interest to this research is the establishment of the confidence limits of the marketing orientation in the FTZs operations. Such limits are obtained through taking the average of the received responses of the FTZs experts’ panel, and on which we would be able to assign the FTZs into three suggested groups on the basis of their marketing orientation (i. e., most, moderate, and less marketing-oriented). With such "a priori classification of the FTZs, under study, the data can be readily available for further applications of statistical techniques, and more meaningful analysis can be carried out The design of the research Is guided by a number of hypotheses about discrimination among/between the FTZs groups according to their authorities' attitudes toward the variables related -to the marketing concept in the operations of the zones. The discrimination is made among/between: (a) the most, the moderate, and the less marketing- oriented FTZs; (b) the marketing-oriented (i. e., the most and the moderate combined together) and the less marketing-oriented FTZs; and (c) the FTZs in the developed and developing countries. In addition, the research is based upon another set of hypotheses regarding the significant differences between , the FTZs experts and each of the above mentioned groups of FTZs' authorities, in their evaluative attitudes toward the marketing concept variables. The required primary data are collected via International mail survey preceded by pre-contacts by telephone and telex. All the attitudinal measures developed for this study are assessed in terms of their reliability (using Cronbach's alpha) and validity (using content validity). Then the data are analysed by the application of a variety of statistical tests and techniques: (1) Discriminant Function Analysis (using both versions the Multiple and the Two-group DFA); (2) the Wilks' Lambda for testing the significance of the hypotheses related to the DFA applications by considering all the variables in aggregate; (3) the Univariate F-ratio also for testing the significance of the hypotheses related to the DFA applications but by considering each of the variables individually; (4) using the Jacknife method to validate each of the three DFA functions; (5) Profile Analysis; (6) the Hotelling's T! statistic for testing the significance of the hypotheses related to the application of Profile Analysis; and (7) Correlation Analysis. I The Multiple DFA is applied'to analyse the differences among the most, the moderate and the less marketing-oriented FTZs. And the hypotheses regarding the significance of the differences among the three groups are tested by both the Wilks' Lambda when all the variables are considered in aggregate, and the Univariate F-ratio when each variable is considered individually. The results Indicate that there are significant differences among the three FTZs groups when all the variables are taken together and when each variable is considered separately. The multiple DFA findings show that there are 19 good discriminating variables among the three FTZs groups. Among the most Important discriminators are, the maintenance of telecommunication systems, the offering of a facsimile system, the size of area available for manufacturing, the maximisation of sales, the maximisation of market share, marketing research activities, and expanding the area available for the zone privileges. The Two-group DFA is applied twice. First, to analyse the differences between the marketing-oriented FTZs group (by combining the most and the moderate) and the less marketing-oriented FTZs group. Second, to analyse the differences between the FTZs in the developed countries and the- FTZs in the developing countries. And the hypotheses regarding the significance of the differences between each set of the two FTZs; groups is also tested by both the Wilks' Lambda when considering all the variables together, and the Univariate F-ratio when each variable Is considered individually. In the first run of the Two- group DFA, the results indicate that there are significant differences between the marketing- oriented and the less marketing-oriented FTZs, in both cases when the marketing variables were considered collectively and when each variable is considered individually. Here there are 14 good discriminating variables, and among the main discriminators are: the marketing research activities, the maximisation of market share, the maximisation of sales, and the quality of the work force. The findings of the second run of the two-group DFA shows that there are significant differences between the FTZs In the developed countries and the FTZs in the developing countries when all the variables are considered collectively. However, when each variable is considered individually, the results indicate that there are significant differences between the two typologies but only with respect to 9 variables including: the size of area available for manufacturing activities, the utilities for manufacturing activities, the capacity of space for warehousing and storage, and size of the work force. Later on, Profile Analysis is applied twice. First, to compare the attitudes of the three FTZs groups (the most, the moderate, -and the less marketing-oriented) and the attitudes of the FTZs' experts towards key discriminating variables. Second, to compare the attitudes of the FTZs; in the developed and developing countries with the attitudes of the FTZs; experts. In addition, the hypotheses regarding the differences/similarities, In both cases, are tested by the Hotelling's T1 statistic. The first application of Profile Analysis shows that while the attitudes of the moderate marketing-orientated FTZs; are similar to the attitudes of the FTZs experts, the attitudes of both the most and the less marketing-orientated FTZs are significantly different from the attitudes of the FTZs experts particularly with respect to the well-being of the work force, the capacity of storage and warehousing, and the marketing research activities.

Macroecometric models are extremely important for developing countries as well as for developed countries. They can help and guide planners, policy makers and government leaders to establish priorities in their activities and to chose those policies which permit the most the rapid advance of economic development. The aim of this thesis is to construct a macroeconometric model for the Libyan economy and to use the model to forecast future economic activities under different scenarios. The Background of the Libyan economy is outlined first. Brief reviews of the theory of the background to the model components are given in the first part of the thesis. The specification of the model equations, depending on the economic theory and estimation procedures are carried out in the second part of the thesis. The calculations are carried out with a TSP package. Model validation is carried out in the third part of the thesis. This includes model evaluation (tracking performance and dynamic properties) and multiplier analysis. Model implications, such as forecasting (Ex-Post and Ex-Ante) are described in the last part of the thesis. Two different scenarios are considered. These scenarios explore the effects of different sets of oil prices and production on the Libyan economy, for the period 1996-2005. Several policy implications are derived from the results of the scenarios. The conclusion reached is that the Libyan economy is heavily dependent on Oil Revenues and any shock in this variable will have great effects on the Libyan economy. Also, excessive government spending is the main reason for the high inflation rate, which also leads to the crowding out of private investment.

In its attempt to analyse the impact of East European change upon the European Community and East European liner shipping industries this thesis covers an extensive range of highly topical subject areas. The wide range of non uniform information gleaned from the research and the question of spurious objectivity form the main arguments behind the use of qualitative rather than quantitative assessment throughout. The diverse study area also necessitated a narrowing to the case of Polish Ocean Lines' North Atlantic operations to enable a meaningful analysis to be carried out. The early part of the thesis examines the background to the East European situation before moving on to identify the main issues that directly affect Polish shipping, through the use of a Contextual model. Using the information gained here a newly developed Contextual Matrix Model then enables the main issues to be extracted. These issues indicate that the changes affecting Polish Ocean Lines require an exercise in repositioning. To assess this fully a framework approach is developed to determine Polish Ocean Lines' position for 1988 and 1992. A further framework is then created for the European Community competitors' 1992 position, in order that a positional comparison can be carried out with Polish Ocean Lines. The results of the comparison indicate that repositioning is taking place at Polish Ocean Lines as a direct reaction to the changes occurring throughout East Europe. The discussion concludes that this is a dynamic, volatile and topical area which raises a number of points of possible interest for further research.