A pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender o sistema de assentamento dos grupos sambaquianos que ocuparam o Complexo Lagunar de Saquarema entre 6.600-1.500 anos cal BP. Tendo por base o pressuposto de que o estudo da continuidade e da mudança é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de estudos regionais, foi construído um modelo onde dois fatores, mudança ambiental e contato intersocietal, influenciaram o processo de transformação sociocultural verificado entre os grupos sambaquianos. Assim, embora partilhassem traços comuns, o que lhes permitia manter um caráter identitário - podendo esse ser vislumbrado num sistema de assentamento onde as relações sociais se davam em função da laguna de Saquarema - os grupos sambaquianos apresentavam diferenças entre si, resultado de um longo processo adaptativo. A gradual mudança na disponibilidade de recursos malacológicos acabou por resultar no fortalecimento de um grupo sobre outro. Os melhores adaptados, representados pelos ocupantes dos sambaquis de Saquarema e da Pontinha, tiveram contato com grupos ceramistas relacionados à tradição Una, ocupantes do sítio Ilha dos Macacos. Tal contato pôde ser verificado através do aparato tecnológico (predomínio absoluto dos artefatos de lascamento), pela adoção de novas práticas funerárias (cremação, manipulação de ossos humanos) e pela concomitância das ocupações. Assim, por volta de 2.000 anos cal AP, esse contato, somado a um processo que já vinha se desenvolvendo no interior do sistema, marcou o início do colapso da sociedade sambaquiana no Complexo Lagunar de Saquarema. / This research aimed contributing to the understanding of the settlement pattern of sambaqui dwellers who occupied the Saquarema lagoonar system (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) between 6600 and 1500 cal years BP. It considers the premise that studies of continuity and change are the base to the development of regional synthesis. The model developed presumes that two factors, environmental change and intersocietary contact, have influenced the processes of sociocultural change in the sambaqui society. From this point of view, it is suggested that, although sambaqui people shared common characteristics that allowed them to keep an identity, sambaqui groups presented differences between each other, which resulted from a long adaptative process. This identitary character may be recognized in their settlement pattern, in which social relationships were established in relation with the Saquarema Lagoon. However, gradual changes in the availability of malacological resources induced the reinforcement of some groups over the others. Better-adapted groups, represented by the occupants of sambaquis Saquarema and Pontinha, have established contacts with ceramists related to Una tradition, who occupied Ilha dos Macacos. This contact is attested by the characteristics of the technological apparatus (absolute predominance of flaked artifacts), by the adoption of new funerary practices (cremation, manipulation of human bones) and by the concomitance of occupations. Around 2000 cal years BP, this contact, associated to a process that had already been developing inside the sambaqui system, marked the beginning of the collapse of the sambaqui society in the Saquarema lagoonar system.

A pesquisa teve por objetivo compreender o sistema de assentamento dos grupos sambaquianos que ocuparam o Complexo Lagunar de Saquarema entre 6.600-1.500 anos cal BP. Tendo por base o pressuposto de que o estudo da continuidade e da mudança é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de estudos regionais, foi construído um modelo onde dois fatores, mudança ambiental e contato intersocietal, influenciaram o processo de transformação sociocultural verificado entre os grupos sambaquianos. Assim, embora partilhassem traços comuns, o que lhes permitia manter um caráter identitário - podendo esse ser vislumbrado num sistema de assentamento onde as relações sociais se davam em função da laguna de Saquarema - os grupos sambaquianos apresentavam diferenças entre si, resultado de um longo processo adaptativo. A gradual mudança na disponibilidade de recursos malacológicos acabou por resultar no fortalecimento de um grupo sobre outro. Os melhores adaptados, representados pelos ocupantes dos sambaquis de Saquarema e da Pontinha, tiveram contato com grupos ceramistas relacionados à tradição Una, ocupantes do sítio Ilha dos Macacos. Tal contato pôde ser verificado através do aparato tecnológico (predomínio absoluto dos artefatos de lascamento), pela adoção de novas práticas funerárias (cremação, manipulação de ossos humanos) e pela concomitância das ocupações. Assim, por volta de 2.000 anos cal AP, esse contato, somado a um processo que já vinha se desenvolvendo no interior do sistema, marcou o início do colapso da sociedade sambaquiana no Complexo Lagunar de Saquarema. / This research aimed contributing to the understanding of the settlement pattern of sambaqui dwellers who occupied the Saquarema lagoonar system (Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil) between 6600 and 1500 cal years BP. It considers the premise that studies of continuity and change are the base to the development of regional synthesis. The model developed presumes that two factors, environmental change and intersocietary contact, have influenced the processes of sociocultural change in the sambaqui society. From this point of view, it is suggested that, although sambaqui people shared common characteristics that allowed them to keep an identity, sambaqui groups presented differences between each other, which resulted from a long adaptative process. This identitary character may be recognized in their settlement pattern, in which social relationships were established in relation with the Saquarema Lagoon. However, gradual changes in the availability of malacological resources induced the reinforcement of some groups over the others. Better-adapted groups, represented by the occupants of sambaquis Saquarema and Pontinha, have established contacts with ceramists related to Una tradition, who occupied Ilha dos Macacos. This contact is attested by the characteristics of the technological apparatus (absolute predominance of flaked artifacts), by the adoption of new funerary practices (cremation, manipulation of human bones) and by the concomitance of occupations. Around 2000 cal years BP, this contact, associated to a process that had already been developing inside the sambaqui system, marked the beginning of the collapse of the sambaqui society in the Saquarema lagoonar system.

Dans le champ de la didactique des langues-cultures étrangères et secondes, l'approche interculturelle semble connaître aujourd'hui une forme de crise, qui repose sur la déconstruction du concept de culture, et qui révèle un profond hiatus entre théories didactiques et pratiques de classe. L'interculturel cherche à se donner de nouveaux objets, fédérés par le concept de diversité. Cette diversité se conçoit moins comme une pluralité d'éléments que comme un complexus dynamique de relations entre sociétés : de l'« interculturation », en somme, plus que l'interculturalité. Cette étude tente de voir si le renouvellement de paradigme recherché peut permettre de repenser l'enseignement culturel en classe de langue. Celui-ci se réalise essentiellement par les manuels scolaires, c'est pourquoi nous avons choisi d'étudier leur discours afin de voir s'ils représentent des formes d'interculturation entre les sociétés, avec quels types de relations intersociétales. La Grèce, le Liban et le Maroc étant des pays marqués par diverses formes de diversité culturelle, l'étude des manuels de ces pays nous permet d'envisager les possibilités et les difficultés d'une didactisation de savoirs « diversitaires » dans les manuels, et de mettre en évidence le rôle complexe des institutions scolaires, entre diversité et unité de la nation. / In the field of second language and culture didactics, cross-cultural approaches seem to be going through a phase of crisis as a consequence of the deconstruction of the concept of culture itself : such a crisis reveals a fundamental discrepancy between didactic theories and classroom practices. Cross-cultural approaches presently need the identification of new objects of investigation, linked by the concept of diversity. Diversity is not quite conceived as a plurality of elements, but rather as a dynamic and complex cluster of relationships between societies : in other words, a process of « interculturation » rather than « interculturality ». The aim of this research is to investigate whether this new paradigm can help rethink the cultural dimension of language teaching in a classroom context ; given that this form of teaching is essentially carried out by means of textbooks, this study focuses on their discourse, in the attempt to determine in which measure they present forms of « interculturation » between societies, as well as which kinds of inter-societal relations they display. Since the Greek, Lebanese and Moroccan contexts are characterised by different forms of sociocultural diversity, the study of textbooks from these three countries can help assess the opportunities and challenges of teaching « diversity » through textbooks, and highlight the complex role of institutional discourses in educational contexts, caught between diversity and unity within one nation.