The recent demographic shift, sparked by a combination of political and environmental forces, towards urbanization in the Canadian Arctic has uprooted a tie to the land that largely defines Inuit cultural identity. The transition of Iqaluit from a seasonal camp to the capital city of Nunavut has been swift, forcing residents to find their place between tradition and modernity, land and city. Though the populations of Nunavut communities are predominantly Inuit, many Inuit maintain a rather negative view of urban spaces in the Arctic, identifying them as places where Inuit values and practices have been eclipsed by Qallunaat (“white people”) values. While Inuit identity weighs heavily on a connection to the land, the spatial organization of Iqaluit ignores the opportunistic proximity of the urban centre to Frobisher Bay. Similarly, individual buildings often are designed as though sunlight, wind, and snow did not exist. This follows a historical trend of poor and imported design in the Canadian Arctic; design which does not properly serve the needs and aspirations of its inhabitants. Architecture which fails to serve Iqaluit’s distinctiveness undermines the ambitions of the territory. The creation of Nunavut in 1999 was to be an expression of Inuit self-determination, yet the territory is unable to meet the needs of its 33,000 inhabitants. Nunavut remains fiscally dependent, with 92% of its annual revenue coming from the federal government. Due to a lack of infrastructure and training opportunities, agency for social and economic growth remains weak. By leveraging expanding natural resource based industries, Iqalungmiut – the people of Iqaluit – have the potential to shape a more economically autonomous future using their cultural and environmental resources. Understanding how infrastructure can support the visions Iqalungmiut maintain for their community is crucial in a place where shortsighted developments threaten a unique way of life. The thesis proposes an urban facility in Iqaluit to support and promote what is currently a primarily informal subsistence economy. Animal processing, food and craft production, and training are accommodated in this new building typology. The proposal, while enabling Iqalungmiut to participate more actively in the economy, also applies regional cultural and environmental processes in an attempt to avoid some of the mistakes of the past. A congruent soft system infrastructure is proposed to aid in the collection of raw materials across the region. Taking cue from Iqaluit’s vernacular, mobile structures respond to the seasonal rhythms of Nuna – the land – and its people. The design harnesses traditional activities through a range of economic scales to find new spatial and programmatic models for a place in transition.

The recent demographic shift, sparked by a combination of political and environmental forces, towards urbanization in the Canadian Arctic has uprooted a tie to the land that largely defines Inuit cultural identity. The transition of Iqaluit from a seasonal camp to the capital city of Nunavut has been swift, forcing residents to find their place between tradition and modernity, land and city. Though the populations of Nunavut communities are predominantly Inuit, many Inuit maintain a rather negative view of urban spaces in the Arctic, identifying them as places where Inuit values and practices have been eclipsed by Qallunaat (“white people”) values. While Inuit identity weighs heavily on a connection to the land, the spatial organization of Iqaluit ignores the opportunistic proximity of the urban centre to Frobisher Bay. Similarly, individual buildings often are designed as though sunlight, wind, and snow did not exist. This follows a historical trend of poor and imported design in the Canadian Arctic; design which does not properly serve the needs and aspirations of its inhabitants. Architecture which fails to serve Iqaluit’s distinctiveness undermines the ambitions of the territory. The creation of Nunavut in 1999 was to be an expression of Inuit self-determination, yet the territory is unable to meet the needs of its 33,000 inhabitants. Nunavut remains fiscally dependent, with 92% of its annual revenue coming from the federal government. Due to a lack of infrastructure and training opportunities, agency for social and economic growth remains weak. By leveraging expanding natural resource based industries, Iqalungmiut – the people of Iqaluit – have the potential to shape a more economically autonomous future using their cultural and environmental resources. Understanding how infrastructure can support the visions Iqalungmiut maintain for their community is crucial in a place where shortsighted developments threaten a unique way of life. The thesis proposes an urban facility in Iqaluit to support and promote what is currently a primarily informal subsistence economy. Animal processing, food and craft production, and training are accommodated in this new building typology. The proposal, while enabling Iqalungmiut to participate more actively in the economy, also applies regional cultural and environmental processes in an attempt to avoid some of the mistakes of the past. A congruent soft system infrastructure is proposed to aid in the collection of raw materials across the region. Taking cue from Iqaluit’s vernacular, mobile structures respond to the seasonal rhythms of Nuna – the land – and its people. The design harnesses traditional activities through a range of economic scales to find new spatial and programmatic models for a place in transition.

This thesis seeks to identify the mosaic, rather than the monolithic, nature of culture contact by integrating historical and archaeological sources relating to the concept of gender roles, as they influence response within a contact situation. Specifically, I examine how the Inuit gender system structured artifact patterning in Inuit-European contact situations through the investigation of three Inuit sites in Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island. These date from the 16th, 19th and early 20th centuries and represent a variety of seasonal occupations and dwelling forms. / The ethnographic data suggest that Inuit gender relations were egalitarian and complementary. On this basis I hypothesize that European goods and materials were used equally by men and women. Within each gendered set of tasks, European goods and materials were differently used, according to empirically functional criteria such as the nature of the tasks. / Opportunities for and responses to European contact differed depending on the types of tasks in which Inuit women and men engaged and the social roles they played. Seasonality of occupation bears upon the archaeological visibility of gender activities. / Sixteenth-century Elizabethan contact did not alter Nugumiut gender roles, tasks, authority or status but served primarily as a source of raw material, namely wood and iron. Based on the analysis of slotted tools I suggest a refinement to take account of the overlap in blade thickness that occurs for metal and slate, and which depends on the function of the tool. I conclude that there was much more metal use by Thule Inuit than previously believed. However, during Elizabethan contact and shortly afterwards there was actually less metal use by the Nugumiut than in the prehistoric era. / Little archaeological evidence was recovered for 19th-century commercial whaling contact, (suggesting geographic marginality to European influence), or for 19th century Inuit occupation in the area. This is partly because of immigration to Cumberland Sound and because of subsequent structural remodelling of the dwellings by later occupants. / By the early 20th century, the archaeological record showed not only equal use of European material across gender but a near-ubiquitous distribution across most activity classes, even though commercial trapping never replaced traditional subsistence pursuits but only supplemented them.

No description available.

Iqaluit, capitale territoriale et plaque tournante du transport aérien dans l’est de l’Arctique canadien, possède un aéroport en mauvais état et mal adapté à l’augmentation prévue du trafic aérien pour les prochaines années. En effet, la piste, les voies d’accès et le tarmac sont endommagés par des processus de fissuration, d’effondrement et d’affaissement. Le présent travail vise, à l’aide de l’analyse des données climatiques et du régime thermique du pergélisol, de la cartographie des dépôts de surface et des formes associées au pergélisol, de la cryostratigraphie et de l’analyse de documents d’archives, à localiser les secteurs et les causes des problèmes géotechniques de l’aéroport. Les résultats obtenus confirment que les conditions initiales du terrain ont un impact considérable sur la stabilité actuelle des infrastructures. De plus, la présence de l’infrastructure elle-même a pour effet de modifier les conditions de surface entraînant un ajustement du régime thermique du pergélisol à ces nouvelles conditions.

Les pratiques de l’écriture à Iqaluit, la capitale du Nunavut, et à Igloolik, une plus petite communauté au nord de la région de Baffin, mettent en scène la gestion quotidienne du bilinguisme chez les locuteurs du nouveau territoire. Depuis l’apprentissage du syllabique jusqu’aux sites de socialisation sur Internet, des expériences individuelles sont présentées et explicitent le contexte et les attitudes linguistiques qui gouvernent les choix de langue en fonction du mode d’expression. Le caractère marginal de l’écriture en langue inuit ressort nettement dans ce portrait des pratiques, quelle que soit la vitalité de la langue à l’oral. Cette restriction sur l’épanouissement de l’inuktitut dans tous les domaines possibles d’utilisation fragilise l’équilibre d’une nécessaire relation de complémentarité avec l’anglais. Une étude de la situation linguistique au Groenland laisse entrevoir une autre réalité, ce qui suscite plusieurs questionnements. La diversité dialectale, l’expérience d’urbanisation, les dynamiques économiques et les mobilisations identitaires influencent les pratiques de l’écriture. Les conséquences quant à l’effort de promotion de la langue inuit en sont tirées. Mots clés : écriture syllabique, Nunavut, langue inuit. / Literacy practices in Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, and Igloolik, a smaller community located in the northern Baffin region, illustrate the daily management of bilingualism by the speakers of the new territory. From the learning of syllabics to social networking sites, a large range of individual experiences is discussed. They contextualize linguistic attitudes, which determine language choice according to the mode of expression. The marginality of Inuit language literacy is readily perceived in this portrait of practices, regardless of the vitality that the language may show orally. These limitations on the expansion of Inuktitut, in all possible domains of use, weaken the balance of an unavoidable complementary relationship with English. A study of the linguistic situation in Greenland shows a different reality, which raises several questions. Dialect diversity, lived experiences of urbanization, economical dynamics and identity mobilizations all have an influence on literacy practices. Conclusions are then drawn about the promotion of the Inuit language. Keywords: syllabic literacy, Nunavut, Inuit language.

Historic and future extreme precipitation and wind events over southern Baffin Island, more specifically Iqaluit, Kimmirut, Pangnirtung and Cape Dorset are examined. Two sets of modeled re-analysis data, the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) forced with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Regional Analysis 40 (ERA40) and the other the North American Regional Re-analysis (NARR) dataset were used to characterize the atmosphere during historic events. Two sets of CRCM data forced with Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM) data, one from 1961-1990 and the other from 2041-2070, are compared to assess the changes in extreme events in the future. Extreme events were defined by daily precipitation and sustained wind thresholds. Based on the CRCM future projection, events were inferred to increase in intensity for all communities and increase in frequency for 3 of the 4 communities. A shift in the Arctic storm season was also inferred in the future projection.

Historic and future extreme precipitation and wind events over southern Baffin Island, more specifically Iqaluit, Kimmirut, Pangnirtung and Cape Dorset are examined. Two sets of modeled re-analysis data, the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) forced with European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Regional Analysis 40 (ERA40) and the other the North American Regional Re-analysis (NARR) dataset were used to characterize the atmosphere during historic events. Two sets of CRCM data forced with Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM) data, one from 1961-1990 and the other from 2041-2070, are compared to assess the changes in extreme events in the future. Extreme events were defined by daily precipitation and sustained wind thresholds. Based on the CRCM future projection, events were inferred to increase in intensity for all communities and increase in frequency for 3 of the 4 communities. A shift in the Arctic storm season was also inferred in the future projection.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université Laval, 1999. / Comprend des réf. bibliogr.

Dans les régions nordiques, l’une des conséquences du réchauffement climatique est le dégel du pergélisol. En plus de favoriser la libération de quantités importantes de méthane et de dioxyde de carbone dans l’atmosphère, le dégel du pergélisol entraînera une modification des conditions hydrologiques locales et régionales, affectant ainsi les écosystèmes. Ce dégel pourra aussi conduire à un affaissement des sols et endommager ainsi les infrastructures routières. Dans le cadre de cette étude, des simulations numériques couplant l’écoulement des eaux souterraines et le transport de chaleur ont été réalisées dans le but de mieux appréhender les interactions entre l’écoulement des eaux souterraines et la dynamique thermique relative au dégel du pergélisol sur les pistes de l’Aéroport d’Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada. Un modèle conceptuel du site est d’abord développé et le modèle numérique bidimensionnel correspondant est calé à partir des températures observées du sol. Les impacts futurs du réchauffement climatique sur le régime thermique et le système d’écoulement, aussi que le tassement dû au dégel, sont ensuite simulés sur la base des scénarios climatiques proposés par le Groupe Intergouvernemental sur l’Évolution du Climat (GIEC). Dans le cadre d’un réchauffement climatique, la couverture neigeuse de surface est identifiée comme le facteur principal affectant la dégradation du pergélisol, y compris par son rôle dans l’accroissement de la sensibilité de la dégradation du pergélisol aux changements de divers facteurs hydrogéologiques. Dans ce cas, le transfert de chaleur par advection joue un rôle relativement mineur, quoique non négligeable, vis-à-vis du transfert de chaleur par conduction, du fait de l’extension importante d’un sol de faible perméabilité à proximité de la surface. Le transfert de chaleur par convection, qui est fortement influencé par la couche de neige superficielle, contrôle la libération de l’eau non gelée et la profondeur de la couche active aussi bien que l’amplitude du tassement et du soulèvement par le dégel. L'effet de la zone non saturée sur le dégel du pergélisol est plus important dans les sols fins, recouverts de neige en surface. De plus, l’ampleur du tassement dû au dégel augmente considérablement en présence d’une couverture neigeuse. Enfin, les simulations ont montré que, le long de routes, les zones les plus vulnérables au tassement sont les accotements recouverts de neige ainsi que les zones de transition adjacentes au bloc de pergélisol. Les simulations numériques ont également montré l’importance d’utiliser les fonctions de gel appropriées pour les types de sols impliqués. En effet, la position du front de gel (couche active) varie en fonction des caractéristiques du sol. Les résultats des simulations ont également mis en évidence les effets d'une distribution stochastique de la conductivité hydraulique sur l’advection thermique. Les taux de dégel du pergélisol sont relativement plus élevés dans des zones de haute perméabilité, trouvées dans la structure du sol d'un système hétérogène, que dans le cas d’un sol homogène. Paradoxalement, les résultats ont montré que dans les zones de décharge, le transport de chaleur par advection a pour conséquence d'augmenter le plafond du pergélisol. En effet, l'eau froide s'écoulant dans ce secteur annule le gain de chaleur résultant du processus de conduction. / At high northern latitudes, climate warming will induce permafrost degradation that will modify local and regional hydrogeological systems and ecosystem functionality, as well as increase the release of carbon and methane to the environment. Northern infrastructure, in particular roads and embankments, will also experience significant degradation. In this study, numerical simulations of coupled groundwater flow and heat transport have been developed to assess the effects of realistic combinations of hydrogeological parameters and surface conditions on the temporal and spatial evolution of permafrost degradation in a cold-region paved terrain, at the Iqaluit airport, Nunavut. A conceptual model is first developed for the site and a corresponding 2D numerical model is calibrated to the observed groundwater flow and thermal regime. Future climate warming impacts on the thermal regime and flow system, as well as thaw settlements are then simulated based on climate scenarios proposed by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Under climate warming, the surface snow cover is identified as the leading factor affecting permafrost degradation, and significantly contributes to positive feedback between the hydrogeological flow system and the frozen ground. In this case, advective heat transport plays a relatively minor, but non-negligible role compared to conductive heat transport, due to the significant extent of low-permeability soil close to surface. Conductive heat transport, which is strongly affected by the surface snow layer, controls the release of unfrozen water and the depth of the active layer as well as the magnitude of thaw settlement and frost heave. The effect of the unsaturated zone on permafrost thaw was most important in finer soil where overlain by snow. The magnitude of thaw settlement also significantly increases with a snow cover. The most vulnerable areas to permafrost thaw settlement along a road or taxiway embankment would be the snow-covered shoulders, as well as the transition zones at the adjacent margins of the permafrost block. The simulation results also showed the importance of selecting the appropriate freezing function based on the type of soil, when frequent freezing and thawing cycles occur in a permafrost setting. The thaw front simulated with a smooth (low slope) freezing function, was deeper compared to that for a steeper freezing function. The simulation results also highlighted the contributing effects of a stochastic hydraulic conductivity distribution on thermal advection. Permafrost thaw rates in high permeability zones, found in the soil structure of a heterogeneous system, are larger than rates for a homogeneous soil. Advective heat transport can paradoxically also increase the permafrost table in downgradient areas where the flowing cold water negates heat gain from conduction alone.