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This dissertation studies the legal theory and historical practice of land taxation in the Iraqi province of Kūfa in the second/eighth and early third/ninth centuries. In a broader sense, it engages land taxation as an investigative tool through which to examine the relationship between law and politics; capital and empire; and land taxation and conquest in early Islam. It begins by drawing on chronicles, administrative texts, and other narrative works to narrate the history of Kūfa, and of the nearby Sawād, the rich, alluvial plains which provided the Abbasid Empire with its primary source of revenue. Due to their proximity to the Sawād and to the imperial center of Baghdad, Kūfan legal scholars were at the forefront of developing legal theories of land taxation. The following chapters analyze legal texts to reconstruct these theories and trace their reception by scholars outside of Kūfa. Finally, “Common Wealth: Land Taxation in Early Islam” connects legal theories of land taxation to themes of post-conquest governance and political jurisdiction over and through land.

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<p> The primary purpose of this study is to write a biblical theology in the form of commentary in an Islamic context. This study argues that since the Old Testament is Christian authoritative Scripture, its theological message must be a fundamental resource for writing a biblical theology in an Islamic context. This study uses the narrative of Exod 32-34 as an example of the rich contribution the theological message of narratives makes to biblical theology. The theological message of this narrative reveals powerfully the character of the biblical God in dealing with the crisis of worshiping the golden calf in an Islamic context. This study calls for a move from an apologetic defensive theology that merely requires answering explicit challenges that Islam has posed to Christianity through the centuries to a biblical theology that addresses the hermeneutical questions that arise from the rhetorical Islamic context.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)