Although Fremont ceramic design styles have the potential to tell archaeologists a great deal about Fremont social interaction and boundaries, they have never been studied in detail. In the Fremont world, painted designs appear almost exclusively on the inside of bowls produced in two different regions of Utah. The firstis the Snake Valley production zone in southwestern Utah where Snake Valley Black-on-gray was produced; the second is the Emery production zone in central Utah where white-slipped Ivie Creek Black-on-white bowls were produced. The similarities in designs on the two main types of Fremont painted bowls indicates regional interaction and exchange of both materials and ideas between the two production zones, while the differences suggest regional distinctions existed within a larger Fremont complex.

L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'examiner les capacités de perception et de compréhension des francophones lorsqu'ils sont confrontés aux différentes variétés régionales de l'anglais britannique. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené quatre expériences sous forme de tests de perception (expériences d'identification des accents et de compréhension). Les enregistrements que nous avons choisis, extraits du corpus IViE, incluent neuf accents : Cambridge, Londres (ascendance jamaïcaine), Liverpool, Leeds, Bradford (bilingues anglais-Panjabi), Cardiff (bilingues anglais-gallois), Newcastle, Belfast et Malahide (Dublin). L'expérience d'identification des accents par région a démontré que les apprenants francophones ont plus de facilités à catégoriser les accents aux sonorités non-natives (jamaïcain et panjabi) que les autres variétés. La plupart des erreurs de compréhension et de perception concernaient la réduction de mots qui est commune à tous les accents et présente dans la parole continue. Toutefois, les traits les plus caractéristiques de ces accents ont été également difficiles à traiter pour les sujets francophones. Ce travail souligne l'importance de l'attention qu'il faut prêter à ce type d'erreurs afin d'en faciliter la compréhension et ce, dans une perspective d'application didactique.

In July of 1853, Chief Wakara's band of Utes clashed in a series of violent confrontations with the Mormon settlers. This conflict is known as the Walker War. Many complex factors contributed to this war. After some earlier violence between Mormons and different bands of Utes between 1847 and 1851, the Mormons continued their quick expansion settling on Ute lands. From 1851 to 1853 Mormon and Ute relations continued to decline as Mormons expanded their settlements occupying Ute hunting grounds. In addition to these land encroachments, new laws were enacted regulating trade between the Spanish and Utes by Brigham Young. The most notable regulation on trade prohibited the Spanish and Ute slave trade. All these trade regulations hurt the Ute economy, particularly the most powerful equestrian Ute band, the Cheverets led by Chief Wakara. In the spring of 1853 Governor Brigham Young ordered out the state militia to arrest Mexican traders and to capture Wakara for engaging in the slave trade. Wakara had previously established a friendly relationship with Young and had invited the Mormons to settle his lands in Sanpete. Wakara had become committed to peaceful relations and cooperation with Young and the Mormon people. Wakara remained true to his desire for friendly relations even after seeing his economic status undermined by Mormon settlers. Young as well was committed to staying on peaceful terms with the Utes. Their followers, on the other hand, had difficulties overcoming the cultural divide. After the murder of a member of Wakara's band in July of 1853 by settler James Ivie, Wakara's band waged a series of raids against Mormon settlements. Wakara himself, however, was not involved in the war and continually tried to sue for peace. The war has been mislabeled with Wakara's name; he was not really involved in the violence. Yet it was indeed a war. The war had a great impact on the Mormon settlers. Settlers abandoned their homes and had to move into forts. For the Mormons involved, this conflict was neither small nor inconsequential; it was a major disruption involving a great portion of the Utah Territory.