I Sverige slängs det ca 1,2 miljoner ton matavfall per år. Mycket av avfallen är frukt och grönt då konsumenters missuppfattningar om hur en ätbar frukt och grönsak ser ut för att vara ätbar. Matsvinn är både dåligt för ekonomin och miljön, därför krävs det en ändrad inställning från konsumenterna för att minska matsvinnet. Lyckans äpple är ett musteri som genererar ca 2,5 ton äppelrester per år. I dagsläget finns ingen process för att ta hand om dessa. Därför är syftet med det här examensarbetet att ta reda på om det går att ta tillvara äppelresterna. Att se om det går att få ut en alkoholhaltig dryck och någon typ av torkad livsmedelsprodukt. Även ta reda på hur mycket tillväxt av Neurospora intermedia och Aspergillus oryzae som kan fås.En rad olika metoder har använts. Fermentation för att få ut en alkoholhaltig dryck, 70 °C ugn för att få ut en torkad livsmedelsprodukt och Solid State Fermentation för att få tillväxt av svamparna Neurospora intermedia och Aspergillus oryzae. Resultatet visar att en alkoholhaltig dryck går att få ut av äppelrester. Att få ut en god och smakrik dryck från äppelrester med endast vatten och svamp som tillsatts är svårt eftersom det är mycket smak från äpplena som försvinner då musten görs. Däremot skulle en god dryck gå att få ut med hjälp av tillsatser eftersom den har god smakpotential. Torkningen gav bra resultat. Alla resultat hade i princip samma smak men olika konsistenser. Att få ut en livsmedelsprodukt går. Att kunna använda sig av att torka äppelrester är ett bra alternativ då processen är lätt, det smakar gott och äppelresterna innehåller bra ämnen för kroppen. Resultaten från Solid State Fermentation varierade. I en del försök var tillväxten större och i andra mindre. / In Sweden, about 1.2 million tons of food waste is thrown away per year. Much of the waste is fruit and vegetables because of the consumers misconceptions about how a fruit and vegetable should appear in order to be edible. Food waste is bad both for the economy and the environment. Therefore, a changed attitude from the consumers is needed to reduce the waste of food. Lyckans äpple is a cider factory that generates about 2.5 tons of apple waste per year. At present there is no process for handling these. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to find out if it is possible to make use of the apple waste. To investigate if it is possible to get an alcoholic drink and some type of dried food product. Also to find out how much growth that can be obtained out of Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae. A variety of different methods have been used. Fermentation to get an alcoholic drink, 70°C oven to get a dried food product and Solid State Fermentation to get the growth of the fungus Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae. The result shows that an alcoholic beverage can be extracted from apple waste. To get a good and tasty beverage from apple waste with only water and fungus added is difficult because there are a lot of flavors from the apples that disappear when the must is done. On the other hand, a good beverage could be obtained using additives because the beverage has a good taste-potential. The drying gave good results. All results had basically the same taste but different texture. Getting a food product is possible. Being able to dry apple wastes are a good option as the process is easy, it tastes good and the apple waste contains good substances for the body. Results from Solid State Fermentation varied. In some experiments, the growth was greater and in others less.

This thesis examined 39 antibiotics that, according to Folkhälsomyndigheten, were most likely to be affected by availability problems on the Swedish market. The aim was to investigate possible factors affecting the availability of the antibiotics, to grade the antibiotics based on these factors and, if possible, identify some pattern or general trend. A grading system for assessing the risk of availability problems for each antibiotic was created based on a number of factors, such as number of market authorization holders, number of active pharmaceuticalingredient manufacturers and risk of natural disasters in the countries where the antibiotic is produced. Each antibiotic got a final value based on all the factors, which was then compiled in a final table. The results were evaluated and discussed, both in general and for the specific antibiotics. In the discussion, relevant information that was not included in the grading system,such as isolated incidents at manufacturing sites, was taken into account. The information was successfully gathered and used to grade the antibiotics, but no pattern or general trends were identified.

Water removal on a tissue machine becomes progressively more difficult and expensive in each successive zone. Since a big part of the cost is allocated to the drying section, improved water removal in the wet end may lead to huge savings in the manufacturing process. This can be accomplished by selecting proper raw materials and optimizing the treatment of the fibres in the furnish. The aim of the work described in this thesis was to investigate the influence of three particular furnish properties on dewatering of low grammage papers in the forming and press section; fibre species, beating and additives. The focus was to evaluate how the solids content varies as these furnish properties are changed, but also how the quality of the end product is affected. Water removal during suction is affected by the choice of pulp which can be explained by structural differences in the networks caused by differences in the morphology of the fibres. The total area of straight pores between the fibres is much higher for softwood pulps compared to hardwood pulps which will facilitate transport of both water and air through the sheet. Beating has a negative effect on the solids content reached in vacuum dewatering which can be coupled to internal and external fibrillation of the fibres. Water removal during pressing is affected by the choice of pulp controlled by the pore structure of the fibres and the ability to sorb water. More available water before pressing lead to that more water can be removed. Beating mainly delaminates macropores with small effects on micropores. Both water between the fibres and water in macropores is removed during wet pressing.   The dryness after wet pressing is increased by addition of a wet strength agent (PAE) to the stock, probably due to crosslinking in the fibre wall. PAE-resins decrease the volume of both micro- and macropores which will leave less water deposited in the fibre wall. Tensile strength is increased with a wet strength agent and further increased by addition of a flocculant and a micropolymer to the stock. A lower absorption capacity is achieved with addition of PAE-resins due to formation of covalent bonds in the fibre wall.

Idag är många flamskyddsmedel miljö- och hälsoskadliga vilket skapat ett intresse hos samhället att hitta ett flamskyddsmedel med fullgoda egenskaper som samtidigt är bra för människa och miljö. Fytinsyra är ett naturligt förekommande ämne som skapas av växter för att lagra fosfor och har enligt undersökningar visat potential som ett effektivt flamskyddsmedel för cellulosabaserade material. Flamskyddsmedlet kan förstärkas genom att kombinera fytinsyra med olika joner som fås från ofarliga salter vilket leder till att synergieffekter kan fås genom att ett flertal olika flamskyddsmekanismer kombineras. I detta projekt har lösningar med 3 mass% fytinsyra kombinerats med aluminium-, järn- och natriumjoner med molförhållanden 1:0.4, 1:0,4 samt 1:6.   Projektet avgränsades till att endast använda solstickans tändstickor där provbitar gjordes i form av stickor, kuber och spån. Stickorna doppades en, tre och fem gånger i flamskyddsmedel, kuberna en respektive fem gånger och spånet doppades endast en gång. Flamtester utfördes på stickor där antändningstid, tid till förkolning och tid till böjning undersöktes, med hjälp av kuberna och termogravimetrisk analys (TGA) undersöktes den termiska sönderdelningen av träet och förbränningsvärmen för spånet undersöktes med hjälp av bombkalorimetri.  Med störst massa kvar efter förbränning (ca 10%) gjordes en bedömning att NaPA var det mest effektiva flamskyddsmedlet jämfört med FePA och AlPA. Dessutom gjordes bedömningen att fler antal dopp i flamskyddsmedel resulterar i en förbättring av flamskyddsegenskaperna och andelen kolrester som finns kvar efter förbränning ökar. / Today, many flame retardants are harmful to the environment and to health which has created an interest in society to find a flame retardant with adequate properties which at the same time is good for humans and the environment. Phytic acid is a naturally occurring substance created by plants for storing phosphorus and has, according to studies, shown potential as an effective flame retardant for cellulose-based materials. The flame retardant can be enhanced by combining phytic acid with different ions obtained from harmless salts, which results in synergistic effects obtained by combining several different flame-retardant mechanisms. In this project, solutions with 3 mass% phytic acid have been combined with aluminum, iron and sodium ions with molar ratios of 1:0.4, 1:0.4 and 1:6.  The project was delimited to only using matches from the Solstickan brand where samples were made in the form of sticks, cubes and dust. The sticks were dipped in flame retardant one, three and five times, the cubes one and five times and the dust was dipped only once. Burning tests were performed on the sticks to examine time to ignition, the time until the stick became black by carbon residue and the time for bending, using the cubes and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) the thermal decomposition of wood was studied and combustion heat for the reaction of the dust was examined using bomb calorimetry.   With the largest mass remaining after combustion (about 10%) an assessment was made that NaPA was the most effective flame retardant compared to FePA and AlPA. In addition, a conclusion was made that the more numbers of dips in flame retardant results in an improvement of the flame-retardant properties and the proportion of carbon residues remaining after combustion increases.

Low-density fibre networks are a fundamental structural framework of everyday hygiene products, such as baby diapers, incontinence and feminine care products, bathroom tissue and kitchen towels. These networks are a random assembly of fibres, loosely bonded and oriented in the plane direction. Designing such a complex network structure for better performance, better use of materials and lower cost is a constant challenge for product designers, requiring in-depth knowledge and understanding of the structure and properties on the particle (fibre) level. This thesis concerns the development of a computational design platform that will generate low-density fibre networks and test their properties, seamlessly, with the aim to deepening the fundamental understanding of the micromechanics of this class of fibre networks. To achieve this goal, we have used a particle-based method, the Discrete Element Method (DEM), to model the fibres and fibre networks. A fibre is modelled as a series of linked beads, so that one can consider both its axial properties (stretching and bending) and transverse properties (shearing,twisting and transverse compression). For manufacturing simulations, we developed the models for depositing fibres to form a fibre network, consolidating the fibre network, compressing to make a 3D-structured network, and creating creping. For testing the end-use performance, we have developed two models and investigated the micromechanics of the fibre network in uniaxial compression in the thickness direction (ZD) and in uniaxial tension in the in-plane direction. In the ZD-uniaxial compression of entangled (unbonded) fibrenetworks, the compression stress exhibits a power-law relationship with density, with a threshold density. During compression, the fibre deformation mode changed from fibre bending to the transverse compression of fibre. Accordingly, the transverse properties of the fibreshad a large impact on the constitutive relation. By considering a realistic value for the transverse fibre property, we were able to predict the valuesof the exponent widely observed in the experimental literature. We havefound that the deviation of the experimental values from those predictions by the earlier theoretical studies is due to the neglect of the transverse fibre property. For tensile properties of bonded networks, we have investigated scaling of network strength with density and fibre–fibre bond strength. The network strength showed beautiful scaling behaviour with both density and bond strength, with exponents 1.88 and 1.08 respectively. The elastic modulus of the network, on the other hand, showed a changing exponent(from 2.16 to 1.69) with density in accordance with previous results in the literature. We have also reconfirmed that, with increasing density, the deformation mode changes from bending to stretching. The predicted results for both elastic modulus and strength agreed very well with experimental data of fibre networks of varying densities reported in the literature. We have developed a computational platform, based on DEM, for accurately modelling a fibre network from its manufacturing process to product properties. This is a tool that allows a versatile design of materials and products used for hygiene products, providing a promising venue for exploring the parameter space of new material and process design. / <p>Vid tidpunkten för framläggningen av avhandlingen var följande delarbeten opublicerade: delarbete 2 och 3 (manuskript).</p><p>At the time of the defence the following papers were unpublished: paper 2 and 3 (manuscript).</p>

<p>Prostate cancer is the most detected cancer in males and one of the leading causes of cancer mortality in the western society. Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is since the 1980´s widely used as a serum marker but can not distinguish between prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia. PSA is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 30 kDa and consists of an active 237 amino acid residues polypeptide with five disulphide bonds and approximately 7-12 % carbohydrates. The aim of the project was to develop an immunochromatographic test for measuring the total concentration of PSA in urine and to verify, by using size exclusion chromatography, if PSA in urine was free or complexed with other proteins. However, the first issue was to deal with the variable urine composition and the occurrence of precipitate in urine which can bind proteins. Six different immunochromatographic test systems were developed and the concentration of PSA was measured in urine specimens from normal individuals and from patients with prostate cancer by using two selected systems. The most sensitive immunochromatographic system showed a detection limit of 1.2 ng/L which is 130 times more sensitive than presently available commercially enzyme immunoassays. The precipitates in urine were dissolved by pH-adjustment and addition of chelator and detergent. Only 0.5% PSA was detected in the supernatant of centrifuged urine in comparison to when the precipitates where dissolved and these findings confirm that PSA in urine is in precipitate. The median concentration in normal male urine was 106µg/L. The highest value of 991µg/L was obtained in urine from a patient with prostate cancer but several of the urine specimens from patients showed non-detectable values. Four normal and patient urine specimens were separated by size exclusion chromatography and the fractions were measured by two immunochromatographic test systems. For all specimens a single peak was eluted in the same position which was consistent with a 30kDa molecular weight protein and no larger complex of PSA could be found. However, it was found that measurable PSA during storage in the fraction tubes could disappear rapidly.</p>

<p>Iron overload is a serious clinical condition caused by excessive iron in the body, which can be largely prevented by the use of iron-specific chelating agents. At the moment there are only a few chelators in clinical use for the treatment of Fe overload. One of them, and so far the best working one, is desferrioxamine (DFO). This iron chelator has a major disadvantage of being orally inactive and is given by long and frequent subcutaneous infusions (12-24 hours/5-6 days/week) to patients. 1 Consequently, the design of an orally active, nontoxic, selective iron chelator has become a high priority. To design an iron chelator for clinical use, the important factors to consider are metal selectivity and affinity, ligand-metal complex stability, bioavailability and toxicity. The best iron chelator should be highly selective for iron(III) in order to minimize chelation of other biological essential metal ions which could lead to deficiency with prolonged usage. Favouring the Fe (III) oxidation state avoids Fenton chemistry and the production of toxic free radicals. This report deals with complexes of aroylpicolylhydrazines. Chemical and biological testing has established that these molecules function extremely well as iron chelators in vivo. The most effective candidates are more efficient at promoting iron efflux (release of iron) from cells than the existing drug DFO. Although the ligands discussed in this report, are selective for iron, there is no record of how they interact with other essential metal ions (Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) in our body and it is this that is the topic of this report. It was found that the complexes with H2PPH (N,N’-bis(α-picolinoyl)hydrazine) probably built polymeric complexes and therefore they were almost totally insoluble in all common solvents. The complexes of H2BPH (N-(benzoyl)-N’-(picolinoyl)hydrazine)) were also problematic in terms of insolubility. Another problem was decomposition of the complexes in solution, with resultant precipitation of the ligand and that happened with all of the ligands. The ligand H2TPH formed complexes with Ni and Co, [MII(HL)2] and [MIII(L)2]-, and crystals were grown suitable for x-ray structure studies. The cobalt complex is the first one reported of its kind. There was also crystals grown suitable for x-ray work of a protonated picolylhydrazide and that is also the first crystal structure reported.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Syftet med den här studien var att utveckla och optimera FISH (Fluorescense In Situ Hybridisation) tekniken som en snabb och ganska billig metod för detektion av laktobaciller. Det vill säga att kunna på objektsglas använda FISH tekniken för att identifiera laktobaciller på artnivå med fluorescensmärkta prober mot 16S och 23S RNA. FISH är en allmän och användbar metod för att detektera och lokalisera mikroorganismer eller en specifik grupp av mikroorganismer i provet (1). Metoden detekterar DNA- eller RNA- sekvenser med hjälp av fluorescensmärkta prober som hybridiseras specifikt med komplementära målsekvenser i intakta celler (2). Detta innebär att man behåller cellmorfologin och tillför en lättdetekterad fluorescerande färg. I början av studien utvaldes två grupper av bakterier, gramnegativa bakterier som har tunnare cellvägg, vilket underlättar hybridiseringen och grampositiva laktobacillus med en tjockare cellvägg. Enligt tidigare undersökningar gav FISH tekniken bra resultat om rätt probe användes för rätt organism. Som anvisning till den här studien användes en tidigare studie på E.coli K12.(6). I början av den här studien användes samma prober som i studien med E.coli K12. Bakterierna i grupp 1 valdes utifrån homologi mellan probernas sekvens och målsekvensen hos bakterierna. De hade 100 % homologi med probe 1 och hög homologi, 83-100 %, med probe 2 ,vilket väl överensstämmer med resultatet för E. coli. Bakterierna odlades i lämpliga medier och prov togs från log-fas. Bakterierna behandlades med hybridiseringsbuffert och studerades under fluorescensmikroskop. Stark fluorescens iakttogs i flertalet av bakterierna i de fall som homologi mellan probe och målsekvens var hög. Effekten av tiden för förvaring i kyl efter skörd på fluorescensförmågan studerades också. Fluorescensen efter en dag jämfördes med fluorescensen efter 15 dagar och 30 dagar hos samma bakterie. Bakterierna fotograferades i fluorescensmikroskop samt ljusmikroskop och resultaten presenteras i respektive tabeller och/eller bilder. Resultaten visade en sänkning i fluorescensstyrka och i antal bakterier som lyste redan efter 15 dagar. Efter 30 dagar hade nästan alla bakterier upphört att reagera med proben, oavsett vilken art som studerades. Slutligen studerades kvaliteten på tvättningar. Fluorescensbilder togs av bakterierna efter en tvätt och jämfördes med bilder efter 2 och tre tvättar. Ingen stor skillnad observerades efter flera tvättningar jämförd med en tvätt. Studien visade att den teknik som utvecklades är användbar för att detektera specifika sekvenser både i grampositiva och gramnegativa bakterier.</p>

<p>Sammanfattning</p><p>Titel: Effektiv Batchdokumentation</p><p>Handledare: Annette Elmqvist</p><p>Examinator: Sven Hamp</p><p>Problemformulering: De problemformuleringar varit utgångspunkt för arbetet är:</p><p>• Kan dokumentationen struktureras på ett bättre sätt och effektiviseras.</p><p>• Kan befintlig dokumentation delas upp för att skapa effektivare flöde</p><p>Syfte och mål: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utveckla en bättre struktur för GMP styrande dokumentation avseende tillverkningsmetod, kontrollprotokoll och instruktioner för tillverkning av valt intermediat i ett automatiserat system som uppfyller kraven på både lättförstålighet och effektivitet.</p><p>Metod: Genom intervjuer med operatörer inom företaget och på andra företag ta fram nya rutiner för utarbetande och effektivisering av dokumentationsprocessen. Genom litteraturstudier definiera väsentlig krav på dokumentationsprocessen enligt GMP.</p><p>Slutsatser: Det går att effektivisera dokumentationsprocessen för vald tillverkning. Det går att dela upp dokumentationen och särskilja uppvägning och analyser. Ansatserna i problemformuleringen kan med rimlig arbetsinsats uppnås. En förändring av dokumentationsprocessen är företagsekonomiskt motiverad och samtidigt viktig för att den underlättar kvalitetsuppföljning genom dokumentationsanalys.</p><p>Målgrupp: Rapporten är i första hand ämnad för produktions- och kvalitetsledningen för implementering i organisationen. Men den kan även utgöra stöd för de grupper som kan komma att få i uppdrag att se över olika dokumentationsförfaranden inom företaget.</p>

<p>This thesis deals with three actual issues of ruminant degradation and escape of dietary components:</p><p>One of the main emphasis has been on how particle size distribution of concentrated feed affects the degradation and ruminal escape. Feed manufacturers producing compound feeds for ruminants want to increase the fraction of undergraded starch and protein feed passing out of the rumen, and the particle size distribution of the feed may be used to increase this fraction. The residence time distribution of concentrate particle was not much affected by the particle size in the range from 0.1 to 2.8 mm, but the degradation kinetics of barley and maize was substantially depressed by increased particle size. For maize the ruminal degradability was strongly dependent of the particle size, but for barely this effect was much weaker because the degradation kinetics was much faster than the passage kinetics. However, expander treatment of barely to reduce protein degradability would probably increase the effects of particle size on degradability since this treatment decrease the degradation rates. </p><p>The second part of this thesis deals with the possibilities to simplify the laborious in situ technique used for ruminal degradation measurements in Norway. This study showed that the number of incubation times could be reduced to two or three without sacrificing much accuracy. The amount of human work and the total incubation time could therefore be reduced by this method.</p><p>In the last part of this thesis we study the degradation of soluble nitrogen fractions of fresh grass and grass silage, which are the main forages in Norway. Half or more of the total N in grass silage is in the form of soluble non-protein nitrogen – mainly small peptides and free amino acids. Therefore, it is important to know how much of the soluble peptides and free amino acids that escaped the rumen to improve the accuracy of determination of the protein value of grass and grass silage. The results obtained showed that approximately 10% of the soluble dietary nitrogen escaped the rumen, and the data also indicated that the synthesis of microbial protein from fresh grass was more efficient than silage, caused by a better access to energy for this synthesis. </p>