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Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders affecting women of reproductive age. The major features of PCOS include polycystic cysts, excess androgens, and polycystic ovaries. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an androgen, and when in excess causes associated with PCOS used to induce PCOS in animal models. In excess, DHT is associated with PCOS features. This study aimed to induce PCOS-like symptoms in Drosophila Melanogaster by supplementing DHT in the diet. The reproductive and metabolic features of PCOS were investigated. Fecundity rates, triglyceride levels, and gene expression levels of Toll and Med genes were assessed. The mean levels of triglycerides (P=0.023) had significantly increased in the high-dose DHT group (F2 generation). The mean expression levels (P=0.02) of the Toll gene were significantly increased in the low-dose DHT group. The treatment of DHT, however, did not affect the fecundity rates of the Drosophila. These findings suggest that DHT induces PCOS-associated metabolic features of lipid alterations and chronic low-grade inflammation. Assessment of the impact on fertility did not give conclusive results thus additional methodologies could be considered in studying the reproductive function. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study highlight the potential of using Drosophila as a model in PCOS research. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common endocrine disorder that hinders women’s metabolism and reproductive health characterized by elevated androgen levels, polycystic ovaries, infertility, hirsutism, inflammation, obesity and insulin resistance. Research suggests mitochondrial dysfunction as an underlying cause of PCOS. This study aimed to develop a PCOS model of Drosophila melanogaster by induction of androgens (testosterone). The eggs of the wild-type stock flies were exposed to ethanol (control) and varying doses of testosterone (1-10mg/kg) and examined throughout development. Androgen and ethanol exposure caused alterations in the external morphology and ovarian appearance suggesting a link to PCOS-related symptoms. Fertility measured by fecundity rates decreased by 32.6% in androgen treated flies, though statistical tests revealed no significant differences between groups. Androgen exposure altered the mitochondrial gene expression but with no statistical difference between conditions in all genes (p values: MTCO1 = 0.368; SOD1 = 0.276; ATPsynthase = 0.102). MTCO1 showed approximately a 99% difference in low and high testosterone groups from control. SOD1 increased by 7645.72% and 98.8%, and ATPsynthase by 319.9% and 703.4%in low and high testosterone conditions, respectively. Triglyceride levels were elevated in androgen groups across F1 and F2 generations, indicating potential metabolic disruptions. Significant differences revealed between control and high testosterone (F1, p = 0.04; F2, p = 0.006) but not in low testosterone (F1, p = 0.402; F2, p = 0.328). Lack of significant findings renders the results unreliable. Future research with broader gene panels and improved methologies are required to validate the model's applicability for PCOS research. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p><p>There are other digital material (eg film, image or audio files) or models/artifacts that belongs to the thesis and need to be archived.</p>

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Knäets artär, arteria (a.) poplitea, kan drabbas av aneurysm, vanligen om personen redan har ett aortaaneurysm. Kärlväggen påverkas av träning på olika sätt. Enligt olika studier ökar eller minskar a. popliteas lumendiameter av aerob träning. Syftet med denna studie är att se om regelbunden aerob träning påverkar lumendiametern i a. poplitea. Med hjälp av ultraljud hararteria popliteas lumendiameter mätts hos totalt 31 frivilliga personer, där hälften var tränade och resten var otränade, både kvinnor och män. Insamlad data har analyserats med IBM SPSS version 27. Denna studie bekräftar det tidigare studier sagt, att män har större lumendiameter i a. poplitea än kvinnor. Lumendiametern i a. poplitea är större i dess proximala och mediala delar, än i dess distala del. Studien visar inga signifikanta skillnader i a. popliteas lumendiameter mellan personer som tränar regelbundet och otränade personer, det finns tendenser till att de som tränar har större lumendiameter. Det resultatet överensstämmer med några av de tidigare studierna, med tanke på denna studies storlek börstörre och mer omfattande studier behöver göras för säkrare resultat. / The artery in the knee, popliteal artery, can get an aneurysm, usually if the person already hasan aortic aneurysm. Vessels are affected by exercise in different ways. Various studies say that the lumen diameter in a. poplitea both increases and decreases with aerobic exercise. The purpose of this study is to see if regular aerobic exercise affects the diameter of the popliteal artery. Using ultrasound, the lumen diameter of the popliteal artery has been measured in trained and untrained women and men, in total 31 volunteers was examined. The collected data were then analysed with IBM SPSS version 27. This study confirms that men have larger lumen diameters in the popliteal artery than women. The lumen diameter of the popliteal artery is larger in its proximal and medial parts, than in the distal parts. This study has concluded thatthere is no significant difference in the popliteal artery's lumen diameter in trained and in untrained persons, however there is a tendency that trained persons have larger lumen diameters than untrained persons. That is consistent with some of the previous studies, but larger and more comprehensive studies need to be done for more accurate results.

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