Thèse (D.R.M.)--Université du Québec à Montréal, 1995. / Document électronique également accessible en format PDF. CaQCU

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 1986. / Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

No description available.

This study examines the criteria for efficient fisheries' management, and an efficient allocation of fisheries' labour in the Newfoundland inshore cod fishery. The first part of this thesis (fisheries' management) is an outline of H. Scott Gordon's theoretical model of the fisheries, which deals with the maximization of the social rent from a common property resource. An additional section has been included on the applicability of Gordon's model to the Newfoundland case. This was found necessary, because the organization of effort on the total Newfoundland cod stock, i.e. the inshore and the offshore sectors, present certain practical constraints on the feasibility of optimizing the social rent to this fishery. Indeed, the analysis of this section indicates that, for the present at least, it might be very difficult, administratively, to operate the inshore fishery according to Gordon's efficiency criterion. The second aspect of this study is the problem of low returns to fishermen in the inshore sector of the fishing industry. The theoretical framework used in this section is the staple-mobility theory approach, which maintains that the returns to labour and capital in declining areas need not decline below the returns in occupations of comparable skills, providing, both factors, capital and labour, are mobile. It is hypothesized, therefore, that the low returns to fisheries’ labour is a result of diminishing marginal returns in the fishing industry plus immobility of the fishermen. This necessitated a discussion of possible reasons for this immobility before any policy recommendation is offered. The arguments of high psychic costs, additional remuneration to fishermen from seasonal employment, and the general high unemployment rates in Newfoundland, are presented as likely barriers to mobility from the fishing industry. It is thought, however, that the latter problem, high unemployment rates throughout the rest of the economy, is the most plausible explanation of the immobility of the fisheries' labour force. That is to say, mobility has not been high, because the opportunity cost of this labour is not high. In order to correct this problem of surplus labour in the fishery, it is therefore necessary to improve the alternative employment situation for these men. To do this, some indication of the causes of high unemployment in Newfoundland must be provided. There are two possible explanations of this problem of unemployment. The first, an aggregate demand defficiency argument, is rejected on the grounds that stimulating demand in Newfoundland may not have any employment effects on the island because of import leakages. The second possibility, a structural imbalance, is more acceptable. Assuming a downward flexibility of wages, it is possible to have full employment in Newfoundland, therefore, it could be said that the unemployment problem is a result of a wage rigidity. However, given the present level of resources on the island, and the size of the labour force, it is possible that full employment would take place only at a general level of income considerably lower than Canadian standards. It is suggested therefore that the cause of the unemployment problem in Newfoundland is the result of a lack of mobility of the surplus labour in Newfoundland with respect to the higher income markets outside the province. There would seem to be two ways to correct this problem. (a) To provide incentives for the emigration of labour from Newfoundland, or (b) given sociological barriers to mobility, import suitable industry to the island. Both of these alternatives are briefly examined in the text. The final analytical section of this study deals with government policy for the fishery. The actions of the government can have considerable effects on the type of labour adjustment made between the fishery and other industries. The general conclusion of this thesis, i.e. labour mobility from the fishing industry, is in accordance with certain aspects of government fisheries' policy, but not with others. The government’s emphasis on training and transference of labour to the offshore fishery is acceptable, however it is thought that the subsidization programs for the inshore fishery are defeating the general aim of mobility from this sector. Such a policy is deemed unacceptable from the economic standpoint of an effective utilization of Newfoundland's fisheries' resources and labour. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

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Objective: Inuit in Canada identify food security as an Inuit-specific determinant of health. Historical and contemporary policies shape determinants of health. These policies vary among the four Inuit regions or Land Claim Areas in Canada that comprise Inuit Nunangat. This thesis focuses on one specific Inuit population, Labrador Inuit, located in Nunatsiavut, Canada, which is the southernmost Inuit Territory. Recognizing the variation and distinctness of each Inuit region, I pose the question: What is the role of policy in food security in Nunatsiavut, Labrador? To answer this question, I completed three studies. Study one is an analysis of the historical changes experienced by Labrador Inuit in governance, nutrition, and food security policies from the 1500s to 2005. In 2005, Labrador Inuit formed the first Inuit self-government in Canada, the Nunatsiavut Government. This study provides an understanding of the historical influences on the current context of Nunatsiavut and the policies that pertain to food security of Labrador Inuit. Study two is a scoping review that identifies current policies that pertain to food security and are implemented in Nunatsiavut. Finally, study three looks towards the future. In this study, policy actors were interviewed on policies that pertain to food security to understand their perspectives on current policies, including the opportunities for and barriers to improving food security in Nunatsiavut. Methods: Article one is a historical-critical narrative analysis of governance, nutrition studies and interventions and policies that pertain to food security. It uses a critical dietetics lens to examine the extrinsic causes of nutrition and food security issues that resulted from colonization, and describes the interventions implemented to address them. Each document included in this analysis was assessed by the criteria for historical research that includes provenance, purpose, context, veracity, and usefulness. Also, this study employs process tracing using an adapted timeline from the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples four stages of colonization. Article two is a scoping review that follows the Joanna Briggs scoping review methodology to identify current policies that pertain to food security in Nunatsiavut. Article three is a qualitative study of key informant interviews conducted from July 2020–December 2020 with policy actors that spanned the Nunatsiavut Government (regional Inuit government), Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (provincial government), the Government of Canada (federal government), non-governmental organizations and private industry. Participants were asked about their role, policy gaps, and opportunities for improving policies that pertain to food security of Labrador Inuit in Nunatsiavut. It also included initial insights from emergency food security measures implemented during the first wave of COVID-19 in 2020. The results were reported as per the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative studies (COREQ): 32-item checklist. Each of these studies contained a process for member checking and validating results with key informants, subject matter experts and/or Nunatsiavut Government Advisory Group members. Results: Article one describes the changes in governance, nutrition and food security of Labrador Inuit. The results show that country foods were a major contributor to overall Inuit health and protected Labrador Inuit from the nutrient deficiencies experienced by the Newfoundland population. However, colonialism that included settlement impacted Labrador Inuit’s relationship with the land and access to country foods. Moreover, policies such as income support and residential schools negatively impacted the food security status of Labrador Inuit. However, in 2005, when Nunatsiavut became a self-government several policies and programs were in place to address the growing awareness of a lack of food security. In Article two, scoping review results identify policies that pertain to food security for Labrador Inuit in Nunatsiavut. Results from this study show that 25 policies, spanning three levels of government, implicitly or explicitly addressed at least one dimension of food security. Accessibility was the most frequent food security dimension identified and stability was the least food security dimension identified. The Government of Canada developed 60% of the identified policies and the Nunatsiavut Government implemented 48% of identified policies. In article three, 15 key informant interviews were completed, and three participants provided written responses. Seven participants (39%) stated they developed policy, six participants (33%) stated they both developed and implemented policy, and five participants (28%) stated they implemented policy. Seven themes were identified from discussions with policy actors. Policy recommendations to improve food security included improving transportation, social policies, and policy coherence in policy implementation. Five separate themes were identified from discussions on implementing emergency food security measures during the first wave of COVID-19 in Nunatsiavut. These included inadequacies of social policies, hidden poverty among people living in Nunatsiavut, and future considerations for post-COVID-19 food security policies. Conclusion: The article results within this thesis show that historical and current inequities contribute to the current lack of food security of Labrador Inuit in Nunatsiavut. These inequities have persisted over time. During COVID-19, these inequities were further highlighted, demonstrating the importance of urgent action. The results of key informant interviews show that improving food security in Nunatsiavut is a matter of health equity. Findings from this thesis can inform actions to improve existing and future policies that pertain to food security of Labrador Inuit in Nunatsiavut.

L'accélération du développement industriel a eu des répercussions importantes sur le climat planétaire, en particulier sur le réchauffement des pôles au cours des dernières décennies. Afin d'anticiper les changements climatiques futurs, il faut comprendre la variabilité naturelle actuelle et passée du climat. Dans le cadre de ma thèse doctorale, je me suis intéressé à l'histoire climatique du Nunatsiavut, une région subarctique peu documentée du Labrador (Canada). L'analyse palynologique des enregistrements géologiques conservés dans les sédiments océaniques permet d'établir un lien entre les paramètres environnementaux modernes et passés caractérisant les conditions de surface océanique (température, salinité, durée du couvert de glace, productivité primaire). Tout d'abord, j'ai décrit les assemblages modernes de kystes de dinoflagellés (= dinokystes) de quatre fjords du Nunatsiavut (Nachvak, Saglek, Okak et Anaktalak) localisés le long d'un gradient latitudinal. L'apparition et la dominance de kystes de dinoflagellés autotrophes caractérisent les fjords du Sud (Okak et Anaktalak). La présence dans le fjord d'Anaktalak de kystes calcaires de Scrippsiella cf. S. crystallina, indicateur de pollution anthropique, illustre vraisemblablement l'impact négatif de la mine de nickel récemment implantée dans la région. Ensuite, j'ai analysé de séquences sédimentaires courtes (25-30 cm) prélevées à Nachvak, Saglek et Anaktalak. Les assemblages fossiles de dinokystes et du pollen décrivent l'histoire climatique et océanique de la région au cours des derniers 150-300 ans. Bien que la tendance climatique en Arctique soit au réchauffement, les reconstitutions paléocéanographiques suggèrent une résilience climatique au Labrador, accompagnée d'un léger refroidissement des eaux de surface dans les fjords de Saglek et d'Anaktalak. Les assemblages fossiles du pollen illustrent ce refroidissement sur terre par un déplacement de la limite des arbres vers le sud. Finalement, l'analyse d'une séquence sédimentaire longue (812 cm) prélevée dans le fjord de Nachvak, en utilisant une approche multi-proxy combinant une solide chronologie AMS-14C et les assemblages de fossiles de grains de pollen et de dinokystes, a permis de reconstituer l'histoire climatique des 7 000 dernières années. Les reconstitutions paléocéanographiques dans le fjord de Nachvak révèlent un climat du début de l'Holocène influencé par l'Atlantique Nord, alors qu'une grande stabilité climatique est observée pour les 1 000 dernières années, probablement due à un effet de « barrière » du courant du Labrador qui charrie des eaux froides de l'Arctique.