Abstract¡G The major purpose of this study was to explore the necessity of teachers¡¦ career ladder system, implementation strategies, and the support expressed by elementary and secondary teachers, through the ways of location of career developmental needs of teachers, the designation of career ladder framework, and the identification of extent of support for the system among teachers. Furthermore, the study intended to find out the feasibility of implementing career ladder system in Taiwan. The study, based upon the researcher¡¦s motivation to do the study and the result of documentary review, designed a questionnaire of issues relating to the teachers¡¦ career ladder system to locate the different responses to the related issues from teachers. There were 1773 responses returned, and the responses were analyzed through the methods of distribution, percentage, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson¡¦s Product-Moment correlations. The findings from the survey were discussed in detail by means of a seminar, composed of relative experts, scholars, educational administrators, accountants, personnel managers from the government. The final conclusions were reach through the combination of these two steps of study and some suggestions have been provided. The conclusions of this study were as follows: I. All in all, elementary and secondary teachers expressed ¡¥agree to some extent¡¦ towards the following statements: 1. teachers¡¦ salaries determined by the years and degrees of teachers should be reformed, 2. teachers¡¦ in-service education and training should be reformed to enhance the professional growth and development of teachers, 3. a career-ladder system totally designed for instruction route should be set up to promote teachers¡¦ motivation for professional development. II. A tentative model of career ladder system for elementary and secondary teachers has been provided as Figure 21. III. Most elementary and secondary teachers ¡¥agreed to some extent¡¦ at the career ladder system for teachers. This finding implied that teachers held some questions about the effectiveness of the career ladder system. In other words, teachers also expressed positive attitudes towards the ladder system. Based upon the conclusions, the study provided the following suggestions: I. Suggestions for the education authorities 1. To understand the difficulties and needs of career development among teachers. 2. To implement the system, the authorities should hold numerous seminars, public hearings, debates, and conferences to collect opinions and ideas concerning the system. 3. To plan and design the in-service educational system for teachers, two dimensions of considerations: quantitative and qualitative, should be taken into account. 4. The career ladder system should be put in practice starting from schools with 25-48 classes. 5. The career ladder system should be implemented with the characteristics of ¡¥tenure¡¦ system. II. Suggestions for school administrators 1. To adopt measures to encourage talented teachers join the career ladder system in order to tackle a variety of problems in the education fields, to lift the quality of teachings. 2. To implement the professional evaluation of school teachers periodically to maintain the quality of teaching among teachers who choose not to join the career ladder system. 3. To set up an hot line for professional advise and appeal in order to provide any help relating to the system. III. Suggestions for teacher educators 1. To place the emphases on the pre-service stage and in-service stage of education to prepare well-round teachers. 2. The process of teacher education should emphasize the importance of creative instructional methods. 3. The idea and concepts of ¡¥teacher evaluation¡¦ should be introduced during the process of teacher education. IV. Suggestions for elementary and secondary teachers 1. Teachers should have a plausible plan for career development to stimulate professional growth and development and maintain a certain level of motivation for teaching. 2. Teachers should place emphases on their performance of instruction in order to live to the plural criteria of teacher evaluation. V. Suggestions for further study The tentative model of teachers¡¦ career ladder system deserves further discussion and empirical study to test its feasibility in the case of Taiwan.

In modern local area networks, the communication signals sent from one computer to another across the lines of transmission are degraded because of reflection at the receiver. This reflection can be characterized through the impedances of the transmitter and the receiver, and is defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) as the S11 return loss. The specifications for S11 return loss in Gigabit Ethernet are given in terms of magnitude only in the IEEE 802.3 guidelines. This does not fully take into account, however, the effects of frequency dependant impedances within the bandwidth of interest. With a range of 30% error in the category 5, or CAT5, transmission line impedance used in this specification and no further requirements for individual components within the Gigabit Ethernet port, such as the RJ45 magjack or the physical layer, the system can easily be out of tolerance for return loss error. A simple impedance matching circuit could match the CAT5 cable to the physical layer such that the return loss is minimized and the S21 transmission is maximized. The first part of the project was commissioned by Dell Computer to characterize the return loss of all of its platforms. This thesis goes further in the creation of a system that can balance these two impedances so that the IEEE specification failure rate is reduced with the lowest implementation cost, size, power and complexity. The return loss data were used in the second phase of the project as the basis for component ranges needed to balance the impedance seen at the front of the physical layer to the CAT5 transmission line. Using the ladder network theory, an impedance matching circuit was created that significantly reduced the S11 return loss in the passband of the equivalent ladder network. To manage this iterative process, a control loop was also designed. While this system does not produce the accuracy that a programmable finite impulse response (FIR) filter could, it does improve performance with relatively minimal cost, power, area and complexity.

No description available.

This diploma thesis deals with technical reserves in non-life insurance, in particular with provisions for future claim payments for damages that have occurred, but has not yet been reported to the insurance company. This type of provision is known by the acronym IBNR. After the introductory section containing a general introduction to the issue of claims reserving in non-life insurance different approaches to modeling of IBNR reserves are briefly presented. Subsequently, full attention is given to Chain-ladder method, which is most frequently used in the actuarial practise for the purpose of claims reserving. This method is then presented progressively from its simplest form of a simple computing algorithm followed by Mack's stochastic model to the last theoretical part of this part describing extended form of Chain-ladder method with relations between different groups of insurance portfolio included. In the very last section, all the lessons are demonstrated on real data to give readers an idea of how the process of claims reserving works is in the common actuarial practice.

Data shows that elderly people are more likely to live alone than younger people, meanwhile the percentage of elderly people with disabilities increases significantly with age. These trends and facts bring a number of issues. One of these we would like to solve is that it is difficult and dangerous for them to lift the heavy loads through ladder. Sometimes it is also very dangerous for normal people, not to mention to people with reduced mobility. In order to solve these issues and reduce the possibility of accident, we have come up with a new ladder used for attics that can transport the heavy loads automatically. As transmission part we use a rack and pinion mechanism to achieve a   smooth transport and a ratchet mechanism for stopper to avoid sudden accident drops.  The ladder also can be hidden when not using it.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1991. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 74-76). Also available via the Internet.

Title: Munich chain ladder method Author: Bc. Veronika Janáková Department: Department of probability and mathematical statistic Supervisor: Mgr. Martin Pleška Supervisor's e-mail address: martin.pleska@cz.pwc.com Abstract: The insurance company is obliged to create technical reserves to cover the risk from insurance activities. One of the main reserves in non-life insurance is the IBNR reserve - the reserve to cover the damages that already exist, but that have not been reported to the insurance company yet. The content and the general aim of this thesis is to provide a better orientation in the method used in the estimation of the reserve IBNR - the Munich Chain Ladder Method. Munich Chain Ladder Method was created as a modification of the standard Chain Ladder calculation - one of the most used methods in the estimation of the IBNR reserve. The thesis focuses on the reasons that led to the modification of standard Chain Ladder calculation and explains the calculation of the modified method. It presents the application ot the method on the real data as well as the comparison with the results of the classical and less complicated Chain Ladder method. Keywords: IBNR reserve, chain ladder, Munich chain ladder 1

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet var att undersöka frekvensstegen som träningsmetod för fotbollsspelare i avsikt att öka snabbhet i vändningar och agility då dessa förmågor är mycket viktiga för en spelare under en fotbollsmatch. Frågeställningar: Ökar träning med frekvensstege spelarnas agility? Förbättrar träning med frekvensstege spelarnas förmåga att ändra riktning i hög hastighet? Metod För att besvara frågeställningarna valdes en experimentell, kvantitativ studie med Test-Retest som insamlingsmetod. I studien deltog både en försöksgrupp och en kontrollgrupp. Försöksgruppen var ett damfotbollslag, ålder 18.8±1.9  år och de var 12 deltagare. Kontrollgruppen var ett damfotbollslag, ålder 17.8±0.8 och var 6 deltagare. Undersökningen pågick under 7 veckor och vid totalt 12 tillfällen. Spelarna undersöktes två gånger i T-drill, Pro Shuttle och Z-drill. Vecka 1 var förtesterna (Test). Vecka 2-6 pågick träningen med frekvensstegar, två tillfällen per vecka och 30 minuter per tillfälle (totalt 9 tillfällen och 4,5 timmars träning). Vecka 7 utfördes det andra testtillfället (Retest). Resultat Ingen skillnad fanns mellan grupperna gällande varken agility eller vändnignar i hög hastighet. Gällande agility så förbättrades båda grupperna i Pro Shuttle (-0,234 ±0,194 sek) samt försämrades i Z-drill (0,518±0,393 sek), p<0,000. Båda grupperna förbättrades även i T-drill (-0,49±0,448 sek), p<0.000.  En analys med ANOVA RM visar att grupperna inte skiljdes åt gällande förändring i agility eller vädningar (p<0,451-0,972). Slutsats Studien pekar på att frekvensstegen leder inte till några signifikanta ökningar i agility men tyder också på att de inte hämmar utvecklingen. Därmed kan stegarna vara en del av ett träningsprogram för fotbollsspelare för att eventuellt förbättra andra områden av prestation. / Aim The aim is to evaluate agility ladders as a method for soccer players to increase change of direction-skill and agility, as these skills are very important for a player during a game. Specific aims: Will agility ladder training increase the players’ agility? Will training with agility ladders improve the players’ ability to change direction at high speed? Method An experimental and quantitative study model was chosen, collecting results through Test-Retest measurements. A trial group and a control group took part in the study. The trial group consisted of a women’s soccer team, age 18.8±1.9, with 12 participants. The control group consisted of a women’s soccer team, age 17.8±0.8, with 6 participants. The study lasted 7 weeks and on 12 occasions. The players were tested twice in the T-drill, Pro Shuttle and Z-drill.  In week 1 the first tests were conducted. Through the following five weeks the training took place, thirty minutes - two times a week (a total of 9 workouts and 4,5 hours of training). The final tests were conducted during the seventh week. Results   No difference was found between the groups in the T-drill (change of direction), Z-drill or Pro Shuttle (agility). Both groups improved in the T-drill (-0.49 ± 0.448 sec) and the Pro Shuttle (-0.234 ± 0.194 sec) and deteriorated in the Z-drill (0.518 ± 0.393 sec), p <0.000. Analysis of the results, using ANOVA RM, shows that the groups do not differ regarding change in agility (p<0,451-0,972).   Conclusions   The study indicates that the agility ladders do not produce significant increases in agility, but also suggest that they do not hamper development. This allows agility ladders to be part of a training program for soccer players to possibly improve other areas of performance.

Student Number : 0420494F - MSc research report - School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies - Faculty of Science / Government reforms aim to provide free basic and affordable electricity in poor urban areas. However, the growing rate of urban poverty, limited development of energy infrastructure, the cost of modern services and fuel use culture further contribute towards the consumption of multiple fuel use. The diverse ways in which urban households utilise the available energy can make fuel transition very difficult to achieve. This research aims to investigate household energy consumption patterns in Diepkloof in order to understand the factors limiting a fuel transition from coal and wood to electricity. The analysis in this report uses data collected from the household survey in Diepkloof as well as key stakeholders in this field including the Soweto Electricity Crisis Committee and Eskom. The reason for using these two stakeholders was because SECC is a social movement activist group advocating free electricity while Eskom is the electricity service provider. Household data examines the range of fuels, factors affecting fuel choice and the attitude of people towards alternative energy sources. The two stakeholders help to critically assess the effectiveness of energy policy document supporting the supply of electricity to poor communities, including Diepkloof. This research concluded that there is no clear evidence that an energy transition is taking place in Diepkloof. Moreover, the results indicate that the energy policy has good intentions but there are still some difficulties with affordability, and culture or personal choice. As a consequence of the underlying problem, most poor households still rely on multiple fuels use for major thermal purpose such as cooking and heating.

The study topic of public participation is recently transferred from politics issue to living topic. The level of participation will depend on several factors: regional emotion, participation level and the social background. This study investigates the influences of the university campus place attachment and public participation relations of local user by studying the open and regional properties of the National Cheng Kung University. Four research purposes are investigated: (1) the place attachment of different local user; (2) the difference of public participation between different local users; (3) the relationships between place attachment and public participation and (4) providing some specific suggestions to the government for future space design. This study is carried out by collecting the well designed questionnaire and the campus users are chosen as the test subject. A questionnaire retrieved rate of 373/400 is achieved by the period of 2011 March 19th through 2011 April 10th and the data is further analyzed by using Windows SPSS 17 statistic analysis software, and consequently the assumptions can be verified clearly. The factor analysis indicates that place attachment includes four aspects: (1) user function satisfied; (2) lifestyle conformation; (3) emotion growing and (4) safe environment. And another four aspects are defined in public participation: (1) non-participation; (2) spirit participation; (3) Action participation and (4) leading participation. Further conclusions are specified as: (1) users with different social background lead significant difference in place attachment; (2) users with different social background cause significant difference in public participation; (3) significant difference in relationships between place attachment and public participation. Non participation shows negative correlation between the four aspects of place attachment. However, tokenism participation and citizen power participation indicate positive and significant correlation relation with place attachment and (4) regression analysis shows significant relation between the aspects of user function satisfied and leading participation in place attachment. However, not only the aspects of user function satisfied and leading participation but also safe environment are indicated to be significant relation in denizen place attachment. In this way, this study suggests the government regional participation planer should not only strengthen the user dependence and identification to local place but also encourage the democracy, planer and the government to work together for constructing the safe environment and hence increasing the people participation volition. Furthermore, we can find the key regional civilization by professional field investigation to have good realization about the need of the regional user and consequently increasing the people participation. Finally, we may be able to further link the place attachment and public participation by professional participation design to distinguish different local users and hence produce different plan for different regional users.