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The discipline of hydrology encompasses all studies of the occurrence, origins, properties, and distribution of the earth's waters. It is a branch of physical geography, but forms indistinct boundaries with other earth sciences. [...]

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Kinskuch Lake area covers a fifty-square mile portion of the Portland Canal district of western British Columbia. Kinskuch Lake lies near the eastern border of the Coast Mountains, approximately twelve miles north of the port of Alice Arm. Reconnaissance mapping of the area on a scale of 1" = 1000’ was done during part of the summer of 1956. Rock specimens collected in the field were examined microscopically and the results of the latter investigation form the greater part of this thesis. The interbedded volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Kinskuch Lake area were deposited during the period of Mesozoic volcanism and sedimentation which was widespread throughout western British Columbia and southeastern Alaska. Near Kinskuch Lake, the earliest products of Mesozoic volcanism are represented by augite porphyry volcanic breccias, crystal tuffs, flows and flow breccias outcropping along the western margin of the map area. Augitic volcanics are overlain to the east by interfingering felsitic breccias and tuffs, sedimentary rocks and greenstone. East of Kinskuch Lake, the latter rocks pass gradationally into a thick overlying sequence of felsitic volcanic breccia, crystal tuffs and feldspar porphyry flows. The youngest rocks outcrop near the eastern margin of the map area. Here, argillites and conglomerates overlie felsitic volcanic breccia and interbedded tuff. The Mesozoic volcanic and sedimentary rocks were folded, faulted and intruded by keratophyric and lamprophyric dykes. As a last stage in the geological sequence of events, volcanic rocks at the southeast corner of Kinskuch Lake were altered and mineralized. Highly fractured or sheared greenstone and felsitic volcanics were altered to chlorite, pyrite, epidote, sericite quartz and calcite. Minor chalcopyrite mineralization accompanied rock alteration and many small quartz-carbonate veins cut the altered rocks. Some of the latter veins carry pyrite, chalcopyrite and traces of sphalerite and galena. Albitization of some of the igneous rocks outside the altered zone accompanied the widespread carbonate alteration. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

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This paper describes the Mississippian. Exshaw, Banff and Rundle units, a remnant of ? Pennsylvania strata and cherty sandstones of the Permian Ishbel Group; paleontological details include information on the megafossils, foraminifers and algae. The Exshaw Formation includes a sanidine bearing tuffaceous sandstone. The Banff was subdivided into four rock units - Basal Shale, Cherty Unit, Crinoidal Unit and Upper Unit. The Rundle Group was divided into the Pekisko, Shunda, Turner Valley and Mount Head Formations. The term Jasper Lake Formation is applied to a sequence of crinoidal biosparites and dolomites at the South Berland River section which are bank-marginal lateral equivalents of eastern Shunda micrites. The Mississippian rocks of the three stratigraphic sections upon which this study is based are assigned to eight main petrographic facies and six petrographic subfacies. Facies A - calcisiltite: argillaceous crinoidal biomicrite and associated calcareous shales Facies B - an interbedded sequence offacies A and B Facies C - calcarenite: argillaceous crinoidal biomicrite Facies D - calcarenites: crinoidal biosparite Subfacies Da - calcarenite: ‘mature’ crinoidal intrasparite Subfacies Db - calcarenite: intraclast bearing crinoidal biosparite Facies E - oolitic and/or grapestone bearing calcarenites Subfacies Ea - fossiliferous intraclast bearing oosparite Subfacies Eb - intrasparites and sparry intramierites; four lithotypes are recognized (1) oolitic micritic crinoidal intrasparite (2) grapestone bearing intrasparite (3) oolite bearing partially merged intrasparite (4) grapestone and oolite bearing, sparry intramicrite Facies F - pure limestone micrites Subfacies Fa - crinoidal micrite Subfacies Fb - micrites, pelsparites, pelmicrites and dismicrites Facies G - unfossiliferous micrograined dolomite, commonly with microbedding Facies H - dolomite breccias The progression through the facies and subfacies from A to H reflects a change in depositional environment from that of normal marine deep quiet waters to lagoonal and evaporitic conditions; modern sedimentation of the Bahama Banks is used as a partial model. The facies distribution pattern for the Rundle carbonates of the area shows a tendency toward lagoonal facies in the east (Mturtm Creek section), bank-marginal facies in the west (South Berland River section) and intermediate facies at the Eagles Nest Pass section. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate