Barito Kuala, une région de Kalimantan du Sud, en Indonésie, est située le long de la côte du fleuve Barito, avec une largeur moyenne de 500 m et une longueur d'environ 900 km. Sa proximité de la rivière a rendu la terre dans cette région riche et fertile, avec de vastes zones de marécages forestiers inoccupés. Ces conditions favorables ont conduit le gouvernement indonésien, depuis 1969, à mettre en œuvre des politiques de transmigration à l'égard de la région de Barito Kuala et à l'affecter à divers projets agricoles. En conséquence, en 2014, Barito Kuala est devenu le plus grand producteur de riz de Kalimantan du Sud, avec 53% de sa superficie utilisée comme rizières. Les surfaces restantes sont allouées aux plantations (22%), suivies par les arbustes (13%), le logement (4%), les forêts (2%) et autres (6%), y compris les étangs et les rivières. La répartition actuelle des terres à Barito Kuala contraste fortement avec les images satellites prises en 1973, qui montrent clairement que la majorité de sa superficie était couverte de forêts (64%), suivie de rizières (26%), de plantations (4%) et d'autres (10%) y compris les roseaux et les rivières. Ces faits indiquent que les changements d'utilisation des terres se sont produits très rapidement à Barito Kuala, en particulier en ce qui concerne les forêts et les plantations. Ces changements majeurs dans l'utilisation des terres ont déclenché des changements majeurs dans le régime foncier, dont les droits d'utilisation des terres. Cette situation est devenue plus compliquée par le développement rapide de la nouvelle ville métropolitaine de Banjar Bakula, établie depuis 2012, qui comprend une partie de Barito Kuala dans sa zone métropolitaine. L'émergence des marchés fonciers a également affecté la forme et le rythme de l'urbanisation et les transformations des terres et les structures foncières. Il est intéressant de considérer le cas de Barito Kuala où la transformation d'une zone humide-zone rurale en une zone urbaine tentaculaire et spectaculaire est en proie à des problèmes fonciers. / Barito Kuala, a district in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, is located along the coast of the great river Barito, with an average width of 500 m and a length of about 900 km. Its proximity to the river has rendered its terrestrial landscape rich and fertile, with large areas of idle forest wetlands. These opportune conditions led the Government of Indonesia, since 1969, to implement transmigratory policies toward the district of Barito Kuala and earmarked it for various agricultural developments. As a result, in 2014, Barito Kuala became the largest rice producer in South Kalimantan, with 53% of its land area utilized as rice fields. The remaining areas are allocated for plantations (22%), followed by reeds (13%), housing (4%), forest (2%) and others (6%), including pond and rivers. The present land allocation in Barito Kuala is in stark contrast with satellite images taken in 1973, which clearly shows that most of its area was forest covered (64%) followed by rice field (26%), plantation (4%), and others (10%, including reeds and rivers). These facts indicate that land use changes occurred very quickly in Barito Kuala, especially with regards to forest and plantation areas. These major changes in land uses have triggered major shifts in land tenure, including land use rights. This situation is further complicated by the rapid development of a new metropolitan city of Banjar Bakula, established since 2012, which includes a part of Barito Kuala in its metropolitan zone. The emergence of land markets has also affected the form and pace of urbanization, including land transformations and land structures. It is interesting to consider the case of Barito Kuala; the transformation of a wetland-rural area into a sprawling and spectacular urban zone rife with land tenure issues.

Thesis (M.Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / Globally, eco-tourism has been recognised as a tool to enhance rural land transformation, mostly in areas and around eco-tourism destinations or those rich with natural resources. With that, literature has confirmed that there is a well-established principle between eco-tourism and rural land transformation in most countries across the globe. Theoretically, the establishments and expansion of eco-tourism do not necessarily bring only rural land transformation and associated benefits to the society but also entail various challenges. The challenges are inclusive of but not limited to threats to indigenous cultures and environmental degradation. Thus, this study was designed and undertaken to explore the effects of eco-tourism on rural land transformation in Mapungubwe National Park. The study utilised both qualitative and quantitative research methods and both qualitative and qualitative data was collected theoretically and empirically on the effects of eco-tourism on rural land transformation. Data collection techniques included semi-structured questionnaires with a sample size of 43 respondents, interview schedules for 8 respondents and observations. Recordings of the interviews with the participants were transcribed and analysed including the findings which emanated from this investigation. The findings reveal that eco-tourism does play an important part in ensuring improvement of the Musina local municipal area’s economy, where the Mapungubwe National Park is located. However, there still seems to be lot that needs to be done to ensure eco-tourism is sustainable to ensure there is rural land transformation and economic growth by eliminating damage to the natural ecosystems. Economic growth is always affected by the changing environments, either negatively or positively and there, the concept always comes in where tourism is concerned. The minimal positive impact it was making is improving some people’s lives and through job creation (South African National Parks, 2006). The study revealed that eco-tourism does have positive effect on rural land transformation in the Mapungubwe National Park, which include economic growth through tourist attraction. The researcher is of the view that ecotourism is playing significant role in the rural land transformation of Mapungubwe National Park.