Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-03-15T16:57:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 KAMILA FREITAS PORTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 2416618 bytes, checksum: 9e62c85bd253dcc11c3e6cb2c6a8e8ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-15T16:57:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KAMILA FREITAS PORTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEQ 2017..pdf: 2416618 bytes, checksum: 9e62c85bd253dcc11c3e6cb2c6a8e8ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Visando a problemática da disponibilidade e da qualidade hídrica, a dessalinização de águas através de processos com membranas é uma das alternativas para amenizar o problema da baixa qualidade e da escassez, produzindo água de boa qualidade. Porém, neste método ainda existem alguns obstáculos a serem vencidos, um deles é a incrustação nas membranas. Para resolver este problema em sistemas de osmose inversa, geralmente utilizam-se antiincrustantes comerciais, os quais são específicos para determinados sais. Dentre os íons comumente presentes em águas estão o bicarbonato (HCO3-) e o carbonato (CO32-), este último facilmente encontrado na forma de carbonato de cálcio (CaCO3), que em determinadas condições precipita, baixando a eficiência da membrana e, consequentemente, a quantidade de água produzida. Através do Índice de Saturação de Langelier (ISL) é possível detectar o risco de formação de precipitados deste sal nas águas salobras. Esse trabalho descreve os resultados da pesquisa realizada no estudo do pré-tratamento de águas para a diminuição do ISL, comparando o desempenho do ácido clorídrico versus antiincrustante comercial, Flocon 260. Para este fim, neste estudo inicialmente utilizou de águas sintéticas e posteriormente águas de poços, realizando testes em pequena e grande escalas. O HCl se mostrou um bom antiincrustante, uma vez que foi possível obter valores do ISL abaixo de zero para os dois tipos de experimentos, em escala de bancada e de piloto. Para os dois tipos de água foi possível se observar bons resultados e, quando comparado com o antiincrustante comercial observou-se uma melhor relação custo-benefício / Aiming at the issue of availability and water quality, the desalination of water through membrane processes is one of the alternatives to alleviate the problem of low quality and scarcity, producing good quality water. However, in this method there are still some obstacles to be overcome, one of them is the incrustation in the membranes. To solve this problem in reverse osmosis systems, commercial antifoulants are generally used, which are specific for particular salts. Among the ions commonly present in water are bicarbonate (HCO3-) and carbonate (CO32-), the latter easily found in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which under certain conditions precipitates, lowering the efficiency of the membrane and, consequently , The amount of water produced. Through the Langelier Saturation Index (ISL) it is possible to detect the risk of precipitation of this salt in brackish waters. This work describes the results of the research carried out in the study of water pretreatment for the reduction of ISL, comparing the performance of hydrochloric acid versus commercial antifoulant, Flocon 260. For this purpose, in this study initially used synthetic waters and later waters of Wells, performing tests on small and large scales. HCl proved to be a good antifouling since it was possible to obtain ISL values below zero for the two types of experiments, bench scale and pilot scale. For both types of water it was possible to observe good results and, when compared with the commercial antifoulant, a better cost-benefit ratio was observed.

The integration of advanced technologies into existing water treatment facilities (WTFs) can improve and enhance water quality; however, these same modifications or improvements may adversely affect finished water provided to the consumer by public water systems (PWSs) that embrace these advanced technologies. Process modification or improvements may unintentionally impact compliance with the provisions of the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA’s) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). This is especially true with respect to corrosion control, since minor changes in water quality can affect metal release. Changes in metal release can have a direct impact on a water purveyor’s compliance with the SDWA’s Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). In 2010, the Town of Jupiter (Town) decommissioned its ageing lime softening (LS) plant and integrated a nanofiltration (NF) plant into their WTF. The removal of the LS process subsequently decreased the pH in the existing reverse osmosis (RO) clearwell, leaving only RO permeate and anion exchange (AX) effluent to blend. The Town believed that the RO-AX blend was corrosive in nature and that blending with NF permeate would alleviate their concern. Consequently, a portion of the NF permeate stream was to be split between the existing RO-AX clearwell and a newly constructed NF primary clearwell. The Town requested that the University of Central Florida (UCF) conduct research evaluating how to mitigate negative impacts that may result from changing water quality, should the Town place its AX into ready-reserve. iv The research presented in this document was focused on the evaluation of corrosion control alternatives for the Town, and was segmented into two major components: 1. The first component of the research studied internal corrosion within the existing RO clearwell and appurtenances of the Town’s WTF, should the Town place the AX process on standby. Research related to WTF in-plant corrosion control focused on blending NF and RO permeate, forming a new intermediate blend, and pH-adjusting the resulting mixture to reduce corrosion in the RO clearwell. 2. The second component was implemented with respect to the Town’s potable water distribution system. The distribution system corrosion control research evaluated various phosphate-based corrosion inhibitors to determine their effectiveness in reducing mild steel, lead and copper release in order to maintain the Town’s continual compliance with the LCR. The primary objective of the in-plant corrosion control research was to determine the appropriate ratio of RO to NF permeate and the pH necessary to reduce corrosion in the RO clearwell. In this research, the Langelier saturation index (LSI) was the corrosion index used to evaluate the stability of RO:NF blends. Results indicated that a pH-adjusted blend consisting of 70% RO and 30% NF permeate at 8.8-8.9 pH units would produce an LSI of +0.1, theoretically protecting the RO clearwell from corrosion. The primary objective of the distribution system corrosion control component of the research was to identify a corrosion control inhibitor that would further reduce lead and v copper metal release observed in the Town’s distribution system to below their respective action limits (ALs) as defined in the LCR. Six alternative inhibitors composed of various orthophosphate and polyphosphate (ortho:poly) ratios were evaluated sequentially using a corrosion control test apparatus. The apparatus was designed to house mild steel, lead and copper coupons used for weight loss analysis, as well as mild steel, lead solder and copper electrodes used for linear polarization analysis. One side of the apparatus, referred to as the “control condition,” was fed potable water that did not contain the corrosion inhibitor, while the other side of the corrosion apparatus, termed the “test condition,” was fed potable water that had been dosed with a corrosion inhibitor. Corrosion rate measurements were taken twice per weekday, and water quality was measured twice per week. Inhibitor evaluations were conducted over a span of 55 to 56 days, varying with each inhibitor. Coupons and electrodes were pre-corroded to simulate existing distribution system conditions. Water flow to the apparatus was controlled with an on/off timer to represent variations in the system and homes. Inhibitor comparisons were made based on their effectiveness at reducing lead and copper release after chemical addition. Based on the results obtained from the assessment of corrosion inhibitors for distribution system corrosion control, it appears that Inhibitors 1 and 3 were more successful in reducing lead corrosion rates, and each of these inhibitors reduced copper corrosion rates. Also, it is recommended that consideration be given to use of a redundant single-loop duplicate test apparatus in lieu of a double rack corrosion control test apparatus in experiments where pre-corrosion phases are vi implemented. This recommendation is offered because statistically, the control versus test double loop may not provide relevance in data analysis. The use of the Wilcoxon signed ranks test comparing the initial pre-corroding phase to the inhibitor effectiveness phase has proven to be a more useful analytical method for corrosion studies.