Lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) são enzimas capazes de catalisar tanto a hidrólise como a síntese de ésteres, destacando-se pelo seu vasto potencial de aplicação industrial. Estas enzimas, quando imobilizadas em suportes sólidos, podem ser reutilizadas ou aplicadas em reatores contínuos. Este trabalho foi realizado em três etapas e teve como objetivos preparar e selecionar um derivado de lipase imobilizada estável, realizar a caracterização do suporte e do suporte com a enzima imobilizada, otimizar o processo de síntese de ésteres e comparar sua produtividade em diferentes modelos de reatores. A lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus foi imobilizada em Immobead 150 por nove métodos distintos de imobilização para selecionar o processo mais estável e com melhor eficiência catalítica. A imobilização da enzima por ligação covalente multipontual através dos grupamentos epóxi do suporte demonstrou ser a melhor opção, e dessa forma, o derivado passou a ser denominado de ImmTLL. Utilizando-se uma carga proteica de 150 mg g-1 obteve-se resultados similares a outros derivados imobilizados comerciais, tanto para síntese de ésteres de aroma (butirato de butila) quanto para a síntese de biodiesel. Embora não apresente um perfil uniforme de tamanho de poro, o suporte Immobead 150 é classificado como mesoporoso. As partículas esféricas possuem um diâmetro médio de 155 μm, com cerca de 1.000 μmol de grupos epóxi por grama de suporte, elevada hidrofobicidade e boa estabilidade térmica. Além disso, o processo de imobilização provocou uma diminuição do volume de poros e da área superficial específica, confirmando o revestimento da superfície do suporte pela enzima imobilizada, porém a sua morfologia não foi afetada. Os parâmetros reacionais da síntese de aromas em reações em batelada foram otimizados, possibilitando obter cerca de 84 % de conversão (para cada grama de suporte obteve-se uma produtividade de 270,3 mmol L-1 h-1) em 4 h de reação. Após oito ciclos de uso e reuso, o ImmTLL manteve 86 % da conversão inicial. Reatores contínuos de leito fixo e de leito fluidizado também foram testados, sendo a melhor vazão de substrato 0,02 mL min-1. A maior produtividade, por grama de suporte, foi 1.015,6 mmol L-1 h-1 obtida com o reator de leito fixo. Neste reator, o derivado apresentou boa estabilidade operacional, tendo ao final de 30 dias de operação uma conversão de 63 % da inicial. A comparação entre as configurações de reatores permitiu estabelecer o melhor desempenho de produtividade e estabilidade do ImmTLL, demonstrando que é um derivado robusto e versátil, e com bom potencial de aplicação para a síntese de ésteres de aromas. / Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are enzymes capable of catalyzing both the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters, standing out for their wide potential for industrial application. These enzymes, when immobilized on solid supports, can be reused or applied in continuous reactors. This work was performed in three stages and its objective was to prepare and select a stable immobilized lipase derivative, to characterize the support and the support with the immobilized enzyme, to optimize the process of ester synthesis and to compare their productivity on different models of reactors. The Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase was immobilized on Immobead 150 by nine different immobilization methods to select the most stable process and the best catalytic efficiency. The enzyme immobilization by covalent multipoint attachment on the support epoxy groups showed better results, thus, the derivative was designed as ImmTLL. It was obtained similar results to other commercial immobilized derivatives, for both synthesis of aroma esters (butyl butyrate) and biodiesel, when using a support protein load of 150 mg g-1. Although Immobead 150 did not present an uniform profile of pore sizes, it was classified as mesoporous support. The spherical particles presented a mean diameter of 155 μm, having approximately 1,000 μmol of epoxy groups per gram of support, a high hydrophobicity, and a good thermal stability. The immobilization process resulted in a decrease of the pore volume and specific surface area, confirming the coating surface of the support with the immobilized enzyme. However, its morphology was not affected. The reaction parameters of aromas synthesis reactions in batch was optimized, allowing to obtain a conversion around 84 % in 4 h of reaction (for each gram of support was obtained a productivity of 270.3 mmol L-1 h-1). After eight cycles of use, the ImmTLL maintained 86 % of the initial conversion. Continuous packed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors were also tested, and the best substrate flow rate was 0.02 ml min-1. The highest productivity, per gram of support, was 1,015.6 mmol L-1 h-1 that was obtained with a packed-bed reactor. In this reactor the derivative showed good operational stability, reaching a conversion of 63 % after 30 days of operation, related to the initial value. This comparison among the reactors parameters allowed establishing the best productivity performance and stability of ImmTLL, showing that it is a robust and versatile derivative, and presents good applicability for the synthesis of flavor esters.

Lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) são enzimas capazes de catalisar tanto a hidrólise como a síntese de ésteres, destacando-se pelo seu vasto potencial de aplicação industrial. Estas enzimas, quando imobilizadas em suportes sólidos, podem ser reutilizadas ou aplicadas em reatores contínuos. Este trabalho foi realizado em três etapas e teve como objetivos preparar e selecionar um derivado de lipase imobilizada estável, realizar a caracterização do suporte e do suporte com a enzima imobilizada, otimizar o processo de síntese de ésteres e comparar sua produtividade em diferentes modelos de reatores. A lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus foi imobilizada em Immobead 150 por nove métodos distintos de imobilização para selecionar o processo mais estável e com melhor eficiência catalítica. A imobilização da enzima por ligação covalente multipontual através dos grupamentos epóxi do suporte demonstrou ser a melhor opção, e dessa forma, o derivado passou a ser denominado de ImmTLL. Utilizando-se uma carga proteica de 150 mg g-1 obteve-se resultados similares a outros derivados imobilizados comerciais, tanto para síntese de ésteres de aroma (butirato de butila) quanto para a síntese de biodiesel. Embora não apresente um perfil uniforme de tamanho de poro, o suporte Immobead 150 é classificado como mesoporoso. As partículas esféricas possuem um diâmetro médio de 155 μm, com cerca de 1.000 μmol de grupos epóxi por grama de suporte, elevada hidrofobicidade e boa estabilidade térmica. Além disso, o processo de imobilização provocou uma diminuição do volume de poros e da área superficial específica, confirmando o revestimento da superfície do suporte pela enzima imobilizada, porém a sua morfologia não foi afetada. Os parâmetros reacionais da síntese de aromas em reações em batelada foram otimizados, possibilitando obter cerca de 84 % de conversão (para cada grama de suporte obteve-se uma produtividade de 270,3 mmol L-1 h-1) em 4 h de reação. Após oito ciclos de uso e reuso, o ImmTLL manteve 86 % da conversão inicial. Reatores contínuos de leito fixo e de leito fluidizado também foram testados, sendo a melhor vazão de substrato 0,02 mL min-1. A maior produtividade, por grama de suporte, foi 1.015,6 mmol L-1 h-1 obtida com o reator de leito fixo. Neste reator, o derivado apresentou boa estabilidade operacional, tendo ao final de 30 dias de operação uma conversão de 63 % da inicial. A comparação entre as configurações de reatores permitiu estabelecer o melhor desempenho de produtividade e estabilidade do ImmTLL, demonstrando que é um derivado robusto e versátil, e com bom potencial de aplicação para a síntese de ésteres de aromas. / Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are enzymes capable of catalyzing both the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters, standing out for their wide potential for industrial application. These enzymes, when immobilized on solid supports, can be reused or applied in continuous reactors. This work was performed in three stages and its objective was to prepare and select a stable immobilized lipase derivative, to characterize the support and the support with the immobilized enzyme, to optimize the process of ester synthesis and to compare their productivity on different models of reactors. The Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase was immobilized on Immobead 150 by nine different immobilization methods to select the most stable process and the best catalytic efficiency. The enzyme immobilization by covalent multipoint attachment on the support epoxy groups showed better results, thus, the derivative was designed as ImmTLL. It was obtained similar results to other commercial immobilized derivatives, for both synthesis of aroma esters (butyl butyrate) and biodiesel, when using a support protein load of 150 mg g-1. Although Immobead 150 did not present an uniform profile of pore sizes, it was classified as mesoporous support. The spherical particles presented a mean diameter of 155 μm, having approximately 1,000 μmol of epoxy groups per gram of support, a high hydrophobicity, and a good thermal stability. The immobilization process resulted in a decrease of the pore volume and specific surface area, confirming the coating surface of the support with the immobilized enzyme. However, its morphology was not affected. The reaction parameters of aromas synthesis reactions in batch was optimized, allowing to obtain a conversion around 84 % in 4 h of reaction (for each gram of support was obtained a productivity of 270.3 mmol L-1 h-1). After eight cycles of use, the ImmTLL maintained 86 % of the initial conversion. Continuous packed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors were also tested, and the best substrate flow rate was 0.02 ml min-1. The highest productivity, per gram of support, was 1,015.6 mmol L-1 h-1 that was obtained with a packed-bed reactor. In this reactor the derivative showed good operational stability, reaching a conversion of 63 % after 30 days of operation, related to the initial value. This comparison among the reactors parameters allowed establishing the best productivity performance and stability of ImmTLL, showing that it is a robust and versatile derivative, and presents good applicability for the synthesis of flavor esters.

Lipases (E.C. 3.1.1.3) são enzimas capazes de catalisar tanto a hidrólise como a síntese de ésteres, destacando-se pelo seu vasto potencial de aplicação industrial. Estas enzimas, quando imobilizadas em suportes sólidos, podem ser reutilizadas ou aplicadas em reatores contínuos. Este trabalho foi realizado em três etapas e teve como objetivos preparar e selecionar um derivado de lipase imobilizada estável, realizar a caracterização do suporte e do suporte com a enzima imobilizada, otimizar o processo de síntese de ésteres e comparar sua produtividade em diferentes modelos de reatores. A lipase de Thermomyces lanuginosus foi imobilizada em Immobead 150 por nove métodos distintos de imobilização para selecionar o processo mais estável e com melhor eficiência catalítica. A imobilização da enzima por ligação covalente multipontual através dos grupamentos epóxi do suporte demonstrou ser a melhor opção, e dessa forma, o derivado passou a ser denominado de ImmTLL. Utilizando-se uma carga proteica de 150 mg g-1 obteve-se resultados similares a outros derivados imobilizados comerciais, tanto para síntese de ésteres de aroma (butirato de butila) quanto para a síntese de biodiesel. Embora não apresente um perfil uniforme de tamanho de poro, o suporte Immobead 150 é classificado como mesoporoso. As partículas esféricas possuem um diâmetro médio de 155 μm, com cerca de 1.000 μmol de grupos epóxi por grama de suporte, elevada hidrofobicidade e boa estabilidade térmica. Além disso, o processo de imobilização provocou uma diminuição do volume de poros e da área superficial específica, confirmando o revestimento da superfície do suporte pela enzima imobilizada, porém a sua morfologia não foi afetada. Os parâmetros reacionais da síntese de aromas em reações em batelada foram otimizados, possibilitando obter cerca de 84 % de conversão (para cada grama de suporte obteve-se uma produtividade de 270,3 mmol L-1 h-1) em 4 h de reação. Após oito ciclos de uso e reuso, o ImmTLL manteve 86 % da conversão inicial. Reatores contínuos de leito fixo e de leito fluidizado também foram testados, sendo a melhor vazão de substrato 0,02 mL min-1. A maior produtividade, por grama de suporte, foi 1.015,6 mmol L-1 h-1 obtida com o reator de leito fixo. Neste reator, o derivado apresentou boa estabilidade operacional, tendo ao final de 30 dias de operação uma conversão de 63 % da inicial. A comparação entre as configurações de reatores permitiu estabelecer o melhor desempenho de produtividade e estabilidade do ImmTLL, demonstrando que é um derivado robusto e versátil, e com bom potencial de aplicação para a síntese de ésteres de aromas. / Lipases (EC 3.1.1.3) are enzymes capable of catalyzing both the hydrolysis and the synthesis of esters, standing out for their wide potential for industrial application. These enzymes, when immobilized on solid supports, can be reused or applied in continuous reactors. This work was performed in three stages and its objective was to prepare and select a stable immobilized lipase derivative, to characterize the support and the support with the immobilized enzyme, to optimize the process of ester synthesis and to compare their productivity on different models of reactors. The Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase was immobilized on Immobead 150 by nine different immobilization methods to select the most stable process and the best catalytic efficiency. The enzyme immobilization by covalent multipoint attachment on the support epoxy groups showed better results, thus, the derivative was designed as ImmTLL. It was obtained similar results to other commercial immobilized derivatives, for both synthesis of aroma esters (butyl butyrate) and biodiesel, when using a support protein load of 150 mg g-1. Although Immobead 150 did not present an uniform profile of pore sizes, it was classified as mesoporous support. The spherical particles presented a mean diameter of 155 μm, having approximately 1,000 μmol of epoxy groups per gram of support, a high hydrophobicity, and a good thermal stability. The immobilization process resulted in a decrease of the pore volume and specific surface area, confirming the coating surface of the support with the immobilized enzyme. However, its morphology was not affected. The reaction parameters of aromas synthesis reactions in batch was optimized, allowing to obtain a conversion around 84 % in 4 h of reaction (for each gram of support was obtained a productivity of 270.3 mmol L-1 h-1). After eight cycles of use, the ImmTLL maintained 86 % of the initial conversion. Continuous packed-bed and fluidized-bed reactors were also tested, and the best substrate flow rate was 0.02 ml min-1. The highest productivity, per gram of support, was 1,015.6 mmol L-1 h-1 that was obtained with a packed-bed reactor. In this reactor the derivative showed good operational stability, reaching a conversion of 63 % after 30 days of operation, related to the initial value. This comparison among the reactors parameters allowed establishing the best productivity performance and stability of ImmTLL, showing that it is a robust and versatile derivative, and presents good applicability for the synthesis of flavor esters.

No description available.

Le biodiesel, considéré comme une solution pour remplacer le pétrodiesel est un sujet de recherche mondial. Un des principaux problèmes associés au développement industriel du biodiesel est la source de matière première ainsi que le procédé de transformation. Ainsi, la présente étude a pour but de trouver une source de matière première durable pour la production industrielle de biodiesel et de déterminer le procédé de transformation de la matière première, le plus approprié, ainsi que les meilleures conditions opératoires. Durant la première étape de ce projet, une source de matière première durable a été sélectionnée : les microalgues. Le procédé de transformation étudié est la transestérification enzymatique. L’huile d’olive, huile ayant une composition en acides gras similaires à celle de l’huile de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoides, a été choisie pour effectuer les réactions. Pendant la deuxième étape, le procédé de standardisation de la réaction (bioréacteur de 5 mL) consistait à faire varier : le type de catalyseur (lipases de Candida antarctica (Novozym® 435) et de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL I150)), la concentration du catalyseur (7 à 14 % m/mhuile), la température de réaction (25 à 50 °C) et le ratio molaire alcool:huile (3:1 à 4:1) ; la vitesse d’agitation étant de 150 rpm pour toutes les réactions. Des techniques d’optimisation telle que la preincubation de l’enzyme ont été également essayées. Le rendement en esters alkyliques de la réaction de transestérification enzymatique de l’huile en fonction du temps est la variable de contrôle pour toutes les réactions. La standardisation des variables du procédé a été faite en fonction de la réduction du temps de réaction et du rendement en esters alkyliques. Un rendement élevé en esters alkyliques de 92 % (m/m) a été obtenu sous les conditions opératoires suivantes : une concentration de catalyseur (TL I150) de 7 % (m/mhuile), une température de réaction de 25 °C, un ratio molaire alcool:huile de 3:1 et un temps de réaction de 4 h ; la lipase a été preincubée pendant 6 h avant la réaction de transestérification. Le temps de réaction, un des paramètres importants lors du procédé de standardisation des variables, a été réduit de 24 à 4 h. Un autre paramètre significatif de la réaction est la température : une température de 25 °C a été utilisée; cette température de réaction est faible et rend le procédé au niveau industriel plus attrayant.

Le biodiesel, consid??r?? comme une solution pour remplacer le p??trodiesel est un sujet de recherche mondial. Un des principaux probl??mes associ??s au d??veloppement industriel du biodiesel est la source de mati??re premi??re ainsi que le proc??d?? de transformation. Ainsi, la pr??sente ??tude a pour but de trouver une source de mati??re premi??re durable pour la production industrielle de biodiesel et de d??terminer le proc??d?? de transformation de la mati??re premi??re, le plus appropri??, ainsi que les meilleures conditions op??ratoires. Durant la premi??re ??tape de ce projet, une source de mati??re premi??re durable a ??t?? s??lectionn??e : les microalgues. Le proc??d?? de transformation ??tudi?? est la transest??rification enzymatique. L???huile d???olive, huile ayant une composition en acides gras similaires ?? celle de l???huile de la microalgue Chlorella protothecoides, a ??t?? choisie pour effectuer les r??actions. Pendant la deuxi??me ??tape, le proc??d?? de standardisation de la r??action (bior??acteur de 5 mL) consistait ?? faire varier : le type de catalyseur (lipases de Candida antarctica (Novozym?? 435) et de Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL I150)), la concentration du catalyseur (7 ?? 14 % m/mhuile), la temp??rature de r??action (25 ?? 50 ??C) et le ratio molaire alcool:huile (3:1 ?? 4:1) ; la vitesse d???agitation ??tant de 150 rpm pour toutes les r??actions. Des techniques d???optimisation telle que la preincubation de l???enzyme ont ??t?? ??galement essay??es. Le rendement en esters alkyliques de la r??action de transest??rification enzymatique de l???huile en fonction du temps est la variable de contr??le pour toutes les r??actions. La standardisation des variables du proc??d?? a ??t?? faite en fonction de la r??duction du temps de r??action et du rendement en esters alkyliques. Un rendement ??lev?? en esters alkyliques de 92 % (m/m) a ??t?? obtenu sous les conditions op??ratoires suivantes : une concentration de catalyseur (TL I150) de 7 % (m/mhuile), une temp??rature de r??action de 25 ??C, un ratio molaire alcool:huile de 3:1 et un temps de r??action de 4 h ; la lipase a ??t?? preincub??e pendant 6 h avant la r??action de transest??rification. Le temps de r??action, un des param??tres importants lors du proc??d?? de standardisation des variables, a ??t?? r??duit de 24 ?? 4 h. Un autre param??tre significatif de la r??action est la temp??rature : une temp??rature de 25 ??C a ??t?? utilis??e; cette temp??rature de r??action est faible et rend le proc??d?? au niveau industriel plus attrayant.

The aim of this research was the production of beta-galactosidase from thermophilic fungi for use in low lactose milk production or other possible applications. For this purpose, three thermophilic fungi Humicola insolens, Torula thermophila and Thermomyces lanuginosus were screened for lactase production. Highest lactase activity was observed in Thermomyces lanuginosus. The carbon source inducing highest extracellular lactase production in Thermomyces lanuginosus was determined as arabinose. When grown on arabinose T. lanuginosus produced two major lactase activity peaks, one being at day 4 (beta-galactosidase-A) and second starting following the initiation of biomass degradation at day 3 suggesting the existence of a cell wall-bound beta-galactosidase (beta-galactosidase-B). Maximum activity of the second enzyme was at day 10. Crude enzyme stored at 4&ordm / C and -20&ordm / C was stable over a period of one month. Optimum pH and temperature of crude enzyme were found as pH 6.8 and 65&ordm / C. For concentration of extracellular enzyme, fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation with 60-85% salt was applied. Comparisons with commercial lactase obtained from Kluyveromyces lactis revealed that partially purified lactase from Thermomyces lanuginosus was 1.3 times more efficient in hydrolysis of lactose even at 30&ordm / C which is optimum for Kluyveromyces lactis. Lactose hydrolysis was enhanced at higher temperatures and reached maximum at 50-60&ordm / C giving 4.7 fold higher hydrolysis than Kluyveromyces lactis beta-galactosidase. Molecular weight of the second enzyme was determined as 156 kDa by gel filtration. Being an extracellular enzyme with optimum pH suitable for dairy processes, high thermotolerance and stability, this enzyme has a potential for commercial use.

Polyphenol oxidases are enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of certain phenolic substrates to quinones in the presence of molecular oxygen. Polyphenol oxidases are widely used in several applications. In food industry, they are used for enhancement of flavor in coffee, tea and cocoa production, and determination of food quality. In medicine, they have several uses in treatments of Parkinson&rsquo / s disease, phenlyketonurea and leukemia. In wastewater treatment, they are used for the removal of phenolic pollutants from wastewaters. In pharmaceutical industry, differentiation of morphine from codeine is possible by means of polyphenol oxidase immobilized electrodes. In this study, a thermophilic fungus, Thermomyces lanuginosus was evaluated in terms of poyphenol oxidase production. The effect of different nutrient sources, inducers and fermentation parameters on enzyme production were investigated and maximum PPO activity of 97 U/ml was observed in bioreactor experiments at 50&deg / C, 400 rpm and pH 8.0 in a fermentation medium containing 1.4% yeast extract, 0.3% MgSO4, 1% KH2PO4, 0.003% CuSO4, 0.032% gallic acid. Type of polyphenol oxidase produced by Thermomyces lanuginosus was determined as laccase. For biochemical characterization studies, the enzyme was enriched by electrophoresis. Temperature and pH optima for the enzyme were determined as 60&deg / C and 8.0, respectively. Enzyme retained 67% activity after 1 h incubation at 80&deg / C and retained 87% of its activity after 1 hour of incubation at pH 9.0 at room temperature. The enzyme obeys Michealis-Menten kinetics with Km and Vmax values being 5 mg /ml catechol and 38 U/ml, respectively. Molecular weight of the enzyme was determined as 29 kDa and isoelectric point of enzyme was found to be approximately 6.0.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19530号 / 理博第4190号 / 新制||理||1601(附属図書館) / 32566 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 朝倉 彰講師宮崎 勝己, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.