Sensorische Asymmetrien zeigen sich vor allem im Bereich der Augen und der Ohren. Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten, diese Asymmetrien zu untersuchen. Hierbei kann man Präferenz-, Leistungstests and sensorische Tests unterscheiden. Im Gegensatz zur Präferenz der Augen wurde die Ohrpräferenz bisher nur wenig berücksichtigt. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, einige neue Aspekte zur Untersuchung vorzulegen. Wir konnten in der Literatur insgesamt 13 verschiedene Tests zur Bestimmung der Präferenzohrigkeit nachweisen: «Schublade», «Tischdecke», «Schachtel», «Stoppuhr», «Telefonhörer», «Wandtelefon», «Ohrstecker», «Tür», «Herzschlag», «Taschenradio», «Stimme», «Wand» und «Kopfbewegung». Bei insgesamt 300 Studenten wurde nun die Brauchbarkeit dieser 13 Testproben geprüft. Es konnte eine hohe Beziehung zwischen «Stoppuhr», «Herzschlag», «Tür» und «Schachtel» nachgewiesen werden, nicht jedoch zwischen Telefonieren und Ohrigkeit. Es wird vorgeschlagen, die Ohrigkeit mit einer Testbatterie zu bestimmen, welche vier Testproben umfasst («Stoppuhr», «Herzschlag», «Tür» und «Schachtel»). / Sensory asymmetries are most prominent with respect to the eyes and ears. There are various ways to investigate these asymmetries. The tests used for this purpose can be classified as preference, performance and sensory tests. Contrary to eyedness, earedness has received little attention. The objective of this study is to provide a few new investigatory aspects. We were able to identify 13 different tests for the determination of earedness in the literature: ‘drawer’, ‘tablecloth’, ‘box’, ‘stop watch’, ‘telephone receiver’, ‘wall phone’, ‘earphone’, ‘door’, ‘heartbeat’, ‘transistor radio’, ‘voice’, ‘wall’ and ‘head movement’. A study including 300 student test subjects was done to determine the usefulness of this battery of 13 tests. A high correlation was found between ‘stop watch’, ‘heartbeat’, ‘door’ and ‘box’, but not between telephoning and earedness. The determination of earedness by a battery comprised of 4 tests (‘stop watch’, ‘heartbeat’, ‘door’ and ‘box’) is suggested. / Les asymétries sensorielles se manifestent surtout au niveau des yeux et des oreilles. Il existe plusieurs façons d’étudier des asymétries. On distingue les tests de latéralité, les tests de performance et les tests sensoriels. Contrairement à la latéralité visuelle, la latéralité auditive a été peu étudiée jusqu’ici. Cette étude a pour but de présenter des aspects nouveaux dans ce domaine. Nous avons retrouvé dans la littérature 13 tests au total pour la détermination de la latéralité auditive: «le tiroir», «la nappe», «la boîte», «le chronomètre», «l’écouteur téléphonique», «le téléphone mural», «l’appareil auditif», «la porte», «les battements du coeur», «la radio portative», «la voix», «le mur», «le mouvement de la tête». L’utilité de ces 13 tests a été éprouvée chez 300 étudiants. Une relation significative avec la latéralité a été obtenue pour «le chronomètre », «les battements du coeur», «la porte» et «la boî- te», mais pas pour le téléphone. Les auteurs proposent d’établir la latéralité auditive au moyen d’une batterie de 4 tests: «le chronomètre», «les battements du coeur», «la porte» et «la boîte». / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Les informations visuelles sont prépondérantes pour guider le comportement. Malgré une bonne connaissance du système visuel, un phénomène représentant une latéralisation de celui-ci, le phénomène de dominance oculaire (DO), reste mal compris et finalement peu étudié. Nos travaux de thèse ont permis de démontrer que cette DO exerce une large influence sur différentes étapes de la transformation des informations visuelles en mouvements manuels ou oculaires et que celle-ci s’exprime en interaction avec d’autres latéralisations du système nerveux telles que les latéralisations manuelle et des réseaux attentionnels. Nous montrons également son influence sur les processus de transfert d'information entre les deux hémisphères du cerveau. Enfin, nos travaux comportent des retombées cliniques directes : ils introduisent une méthode de quantification plus précise de la DO utilisable par les cliniciens pour une meilleure réussite de certaines techniques chirurgicales. En conclusion, nous montrons que la DO constitue un aspect important de la latéralisation du cerveau humain, relativement négligé jusqu’à présent. / Processing of visual information from the environment is preponderant for the successful performance of many motor behaviors. Despite a good knowledge of the visual system, a phenomenon corresponding to a lateralization of this system, called eye dominance (ED), remains not well understood and poorly studied. Our thesis demonstrated that ED has a widespread influence on different levels of the transformation of visual information into manual or ocular movements and interacts with other lateralizations of the central nervous system such as the manual and attentional networks. We also show the influence of ED on the process of information transfer between the two hemispheres of the brain. Finally, our work has direct clinical implications: it introduces a more accurate method of quantifying ED which is usable by clinicians for better success of some surgical techniques. In sum, we show that ED is an important aspect of the human brain lateralization which has been overlooked until now.

The relationship of current manual preference (phenotypic handedness) and family history of handedness (genotypic handedness) to memory for imageable stimuli was studied. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that genotypic handedness was related to lessened cerebral lateralization of Paivio's (1969) dual memory systems. The structure of memory was not at issue, but the mediation of storage and retrieval in memory has been explained with reference to verbal or imaginal processes. Verbal mediation theories and supporting data were reviewed along with imaginal theories and supporting data for these latter theories. Paivio's (1969) dual coding and processing theory was considered a conceptual bridge between the competing positions.

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This experiment tested three hypotheses linking the right cerebral regulation of hostility and physiological arousal. First, replication of previous research supporting heightened physiological (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate) reactivity among high hostile subjects was attempted. Second, a positive association between hostility and reactivity of facial valence and intensity to stress were expected. Last, hemispheric lateralization of cerebral activity in response to stress was measured. Low- and high-hostile subjects were identified using the Cook Medley Hostility Scale (CMHS). All subjects completed the cold pressor paradigm and were videotaped before, during, and after the stressor for analysis of facial valence and intensity. Physiological measures (SBP, DBP, and HR) were recorded and dichotic listening procedures were administered before and after the stressor. The primary finding of this research was greater right cerebral activation to stress among high-hostile subjects, as indicated by their enhanced intention to the left ear. Data further supported previous findings of heightened physiological reactivity to stress among high-hostiles. However, no hostility group differences on facial expression measures were found. Data suggest a positive relationship between right cerebral activity and cardiovascular arousal. / Master of Science

Behavioral and physiological correlates of hostility, such as cardiovascular lability and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, are vital when considering the possible health risks associated with high levels of hostility (Henry & Meehan, 1981; Matthew & Haynes, 1986; Johnson, 1990; Heller, 1993; Heilman, Bowers, & Valenstein, 1993; Demaree & Harrison, 1997; Demaree Harrison, & Rhodes, 2000; and Shenal & Harrison, 2001). By examining this issue through a functional cerebral systems approach, one is better able to conceptualize changes that occur when men with extreme hostility levels (e.g. high and low) carry out emotional regulation tasks. High and low hostile groups have been shown to differ in their auditory, visual, somatosensory, and motor processes. Moreover, they differ in lateralized cerebral functions within these modalities where high hostiles have shown a right cerebral/ negative affective bias while low hostiles have shown a left cerebral/ positive affective bias in perception and in motor functions to stress. Right cerebral activation in high hostiles has occurred with heightened reactivity and persistence in sympathetic tone and with cardiovascular changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and Galvanic skin response. In the present experiment, this systematic line of research (Harrison & Gorelczenko, 1990; Herridge & Harrison. 1996; Demaree & Harrison, 1997; Herridge, Harrison, & Demaree, 1997; Demaree, Higgins, Williamson, and Harrison, 2002; Williamson & Harrison, in press) was extended to the investigation of the premotor frontal eye fields using rapid directional eye movements toward the contralateral hemisphere. It was predicted that high hostiles would evidence right frontal deficits in lateral eye movements (LEM) resulting in decreased LEM toward and within the left hemispace. Moreover, concurrent processing of lateralized eye movements and regulation over cardiovascular responding was predicted to yield sympathetic dysregulation on leftward LEM (lLEM) and potentially parasympathetic dysregulation on rightward LEM (rLEM). Leftward LEM appeared to result in more fatigue effects than rightward LEM. However, the primary behavioral hypothesis was not supported. Moreover, the directional relationship predicted between left side LEM and sympathetic tone was not found. Instead, LEM in either direction occurred with corresponding reduction in sympathetic blood pressure. Diametrically opposite results were found for the non- directional cold pressor stressor. High hostiles were found to be more reactive in their cardiovascular response to stress than the low hostiles. / Master of Science / [The Beck Depression Inventory, p. 62-66, was removed March 22, 2010 GMc]

An important field of interpreting research, neurolinguistic approach emerged soon after the shift towards an interdisciplinary approach to research into interpreting. The mutually beneficial collaboration between neurolinguists and interpreters has been centred mainly on the issue of language representation in interpreters as bilingual subjects, namely on the role each of the two cerebral hemispheres plays depending on the task (automatic speech production, shadowing, translation of single words or phrases, simultaneous interpreting), choice of interpreting strategy (literal vs. meaning-based interpretation) or on the direction of interpreting (B to A vs. A to B language). The thesis focuses on the research into hemispheric lateralization done at SSLMIT, University of Trieste, Italy - the place where, in the 80s, the neurolinguistic approach was first adopted. The Trieste School then remained its centre for approximately ten years. The beginning chapters of this theoretical study present the fundamentals of neuranatomy, neurophysiology and neurolinguistics, necessary for understanding of the mental processes underlying simultaneous interpretation. Furthermore, relevant neuroimaging methods are introduced that either have already been used in or could be applied to interpreting research in the...

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