No description available.

No / This article focuses on parties as the main anchors of democratic consolidation and seeks to present the main factors that have affected their development in two systems that could be argued to be amongst the most stable in Latin America, those of Argentina and Chile. It argues that some of the main variables affecting that development have been, besides systemic variables: the professionalized electoral campaign; external variables including technological transfers resulting from the foreign assistance received by centre and centre-left parties; the proscription of parties by authoritarian regimes; and shocks such as electoral defeat, loss of office and economic crises. Whilst electoral campaigns show a high level of professionalization in Argentine and Chilean parties, it is moderated by the preservation - or re-acquisition - of personnel-based campaigning and mass party characteristics.

In the years after the Cold War it appears that the U.S. distanced itself from Latin America. The region has begun to integrate itself in the world political economy without exclusively depending on the U.S. The integration has included engagement with extra-hemispheric states, such as China and Russia, and the creation of regional institutions. Some of these advancements may oppose U.S. interests in the region. The research aims to identify how the U.S. strategy for addressing key national interests in Latin America evolved since the end of the Cold War and how it should approach the region in the future. The research provides an overview of U.S. policies towards Latin America from the Spanish-American War through the collapse of the Soviet Union; and from the post Cold War era through Barack Obama's presidency. The focus is on the U.S.-Latin American policies during and after the Cold War. There is a review of China and Russia's engagement of the region both during and after the Cold War. Finally there is a case study on the change of the U.S-Cuba policy and possible consequences. / Master of Arts / In the years after the Cold War it appears that the U.S. distanced itself from Latin America. The region began to integrate itself economically and politically with the rest of the world without exclusively depending on the U.S. This integration has included engagement with China and Russia and the creation of regional organizations. Some of these advancements may oppose U.S. objectives in the region. The research aims to identify how the U.S. strategy for addressing key national interests in Latin America has evolved since the end of the Cold War and how it should approach the region in the future. The research provides an overview of U.S. policies towards Latin America from the Spanish-American War through the collapse of the Soviet Union; and from the post Cold War era through Barack Obama’s presidency. The focus is on U.S.-Latin American policies during and after the Cold War. There is a review of China and Russia’s engagement with the region both during and after the Cold War. Finally, there is a case study on the change of U.S-Cuba policy and possible consequences. The research concludes that through cooperation with Latin America, the U.S. may advance its objectives and provide a counter balance to Chinese and Russian influence in the region.

Yes / To describe the use, effectiveness, and safety outcomes of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Latin American countries. Studies reporting MT outcomes for AIS in Latin America were identified in CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, SciELO, EMBASE, and LILACS databases. Synthesis was conducted according to effectiveness (recanalization rates) and safety measures (mortality and functional independence at 90 days). Seventeen studies were included, mainly from public and university hospitals. MT utilization varied from 2.6% to 50.1%, while successful recanalization ranged from 63% to 95%. Functional independence 90 days after stroke (a modified Rankin scale score of 0 to 2) was achieved in less than 40% across most studies. Mortality rates were below 30%; studies with posterior circulation strokes reported higher mortality rates. The randomized trial reported better health outcomes for functional independence among patients in the MT group (OR 2.28; 95% CI, 1.41 - 3.69), favoring MT over standard care. The included studies had great methodological heterogeneity due to differences in study design, the MT time window, and stroke location. The only randomized trial showed improved functional independence and lower mortality rates with MT than with standard care. The rest of the studies reported similar findings to available literature. Efforts to improve stroke care are reflected in improved patient outcomes in the region. Future studies should consider standard time window criteria and reduce the risk of bias by including representative samples and comparison groups.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

In this bibliography an attempt has been made to furnish references to teachers that may assist them to develop in the students: (1) an attitude of friendly interest which will help to link the Americas in mutual respect and to promote a better understanding of problems to be met; (2) to gain an understanding and appreciation of the background of South American culture of today; (3) to become familiar with the folk music as well as the concert, both vocal and instrumental.

Thesis (M.Arch.A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 156-162. / This Thesis involves an analysis and a description of the structure of physical space of the Latin America Colonial Cities. The section of the document known as Leyes de Indias which deals with the urbanistic norms and the prescriptions for the laying out of the colonial cities, and the cities founded within the first three centuries of the colonial period, are the most important elements of this thesis. Several issues are to be discussed throughout the work and the most important ones are: The social and political context underlying the building up of the vast network of new cities in Latin America, The characteristics of that network and the means to control its development. The colonial city as resulting from the application of such means of control, or in other words, of the prescriptions contained in the Laws of Indias. The changes produced by contradictions on what was prescribed by those Laws and identified through a systematic observation of the available sample of cities. The reasons behind those changes. The relevancy of this work in terms of the current trends of development of Venezuelan cities. The process oriented and the product oriented views of this issue. Finally, the material is presented in two major parts containing, the first, an analysis of the context and the objectives from where the Laws of Indias were derived, of the hypothesis concerning the sources from where the Spanish planners drew those urbanistic norms, and, a description of the structure of physical space as prescribed by the Laws of Indias. The second part contains the description of the structure of physical space, and the substantiation of that description, as resulting from the application of the prescriptions and norms contained in the Laws. The substantiation is made through previous studies from Latin American, European and North America authors. The conclusion of this second part and at the same time, of the whole work, is a recompilation of those issues and of various speculations concerning their relation with today's city. / by Jose Guillermo Frontado Saavedra. / M.Arch.A.S.

本論文使用世界銀行在2006年及2010年於六個拉丁美洲國家進行的企業調查所得之一組全新數據，重新在公司層面審視「金融發展--(公司)增長」的連結關係，發現即使控制了宏觀經濟的改變以及利用固定效應之縱橫計量模型進行估算，金融發展對公司銷售以及勞工生產力都有顯著的正面效果，支持以往相關的公司層面研究。 / 然而，與過往的公司層面研究不同，金融發展對比較大型公司的正面影響，相對小型公司之影響為大。這結果與較近期的研究指在新興市場中，金融發展會不成比例地刺激本來因政治或其他因素與金融體系比較密切的公司相符。未來研究應注重這些市場的獨特性以求更透徹地了解箇中機制。 / This thesis revisits the finance-growth nexus at the firm level. Using a new dataset based on the World Bank Enterprise Survey conducted in 2006 and 2010 covering six Latin American countries, financial development is found to have a positive effect on both the level of firm sales and labor productivity, after controlling for other macroeconomic changes and unobserved firm-specific effects in a panel-data estimation, reinforcing previous similar studies at the firm level, which relied only on cross-sectional data. / However, in contrast to earlier firm level cross-sectional researches, it is discovered that financial development exerts a greater positive effect on larger firms relative to smaller ones. This is consistent with more recent studies that finance disproportionately spurs growth of firms that are originally more connected to the financial system for political or other reasons in the context of emerging markets. Future researches should point to the uniqueness of these markets to understand more thoroughly the mechanism behind. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Tsang, Wai Him. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 擇要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Motivation --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1 --- Revisiting the finance-growth connection at the firm-level with a new dataset --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- The distributional effects associated with financial development --- p.18 / Chapter 3 --- Data Set and Methodology --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Data --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2 --- Specifications --- p.28 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.32 / Chapter 4.1 --- Baseline Regressions --- p.32 / Chapter 4.2 --- Robustness Check by Splitting Samples --- p.37 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions --- p.40 / Chapter 6 --- Figures and Tables --- p.42 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.69