Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 11 janvier 2024) / Avec les années, la taille des navires ne cesse d'augmenter. Ceci pose un problème pour la navigation marchande, car de nombreux obstacles peuvent limiter le passage de ces navires de plus grande taille. Lorsqu'un navire a pour destination le port de Montréal, le pont Laviolette est l'obstacle aérien principal à considérer. C'est dans ce contexte que l'Administration portuaire de Montréal (APM) a lancé le projet d'auscultation du pont Laviolette. Cette auscultation a pour but d'analyser la variation du dégagement vertical dynamique sous le pont sur une période d'un an. Pour y parvenir, quatre antennes GNSS, un distancemètre laser, un distancemètre radar et une station météorologique ont été installés sur le pont. Ces instruments ont permis de quantifier les mouvements du pont en fonction de facteurs tels le vent, la température et la circulation automobile ainsi que leur incidence sur le dégagement vertical dynamique. Les résultats démontrent que la différence de température entre l'hiver et l'été cause des variations altimétriques atteignant 6 cm au sommet du pont et 3 cm au niveau de la chaussée du pont. C'est toutefois le niveau d'eau du fleuve Saint-Laurent qui est le facteur ayant le plus d'influence. Le fleuve varie d'environ 3 m entre la crue des eaux et son niveau le plus bas. Deux modèles indépendants du dégagement vertical dynamique ont été comparés. Le premier considère que le pont a une hauteur fixe et fait uniquement varier le niveau du fleuve. Le deuxième utilise les mesures du distancemètre radar installé sous le pont ce qui donne des dégagements qui tiennent aussi compte des mouvements du pont. En général, l'écart entre les deux modèles est de quelques cm et cet écart varie légèrement en fonction des saisons. En appliquant une correction thermique au premier modèle, l'écart entre les deux techniques est réduit de 1,6 cm. / As time goes on, the size of vessels keeps increasing. This causes a problem for the merchant navy, as many obstacles can limit the passage of these larger vessels. When a ship sets sail for the Port of Montreal, the Laviolette Bridge is the main aerial obstacle. It is why the Montreal Port Authority launched the Laviolette Bridge monitoring project. The purpose of this monitoring is to analyze the variation of the dynamic vertical clearance under the bridge over a period of one year. To achieve this, four GNSS antennas, a laser range finder, a radar range finder and a weather station were installed on the bridge. These instruments helped to quantify the bridge's movement according to factors such as wind, temperature and traffic, as well as their impact on the dynamic vertical clearance. The results show that the temperature difference between winter and summer causes altimetric variations reaching 6 cm at the top of the bridge and 3 cm at the deck level. The water level of the St. Lawrence River is by far the most influential factor. The water level can vary up to approximately 3 m due to seasonal fluctuations. Two independent vertical clearance models were compared. The first one considers that the bridge has a fixed height and that only the water level varies. The second model uses the radar range finder installed under the bridge, which measures vertical clearances that also take into account the movements of the bridge. In general, the two models agree within a few cm and this difference slightly varies according to the seasons. By applying a thermal correction to the first model, the gap between the two models is reduced by 1.6 cm.

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the constitutional right of the Métis to hunt in the Canadian legal consciousness in the four levels of court that heard the Powley case and comment on the judicial approach and observations. After a comparative analysis of the precedent setting Powley decision, a brief examination is undertaken of two recent cases regarding Métis rights in Canada: Laviolette and Willison. <p>Ultimately, the purpose of this research has been to show the treatment of Métis and First Nations Aboriginal rights have not been treated equally and to confront the challenges that this analysis raises. Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution has not provided the protections to Aboriginal rights that one would expect. In order to make changes to the legal system I have identified some fundamental problems with Aboriginal law in Canada associated with the identification of the source of those rights. <p>Further, I have made some suggestions on the approaches that could be taken to change the direction of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding its interpretations of Métis rights.

The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the constitutional right of the Métis to hunt in the Canadian legal consciousness in the four levels of court that heard the Powley case and comment on the judicial approach and observations. After a comparative analysis of the precedent setting Powley decision, a brief examination is undertaken of two recent cases regarding Métis rights in Canada: Laviolette and Willison. <p>Ultimately, the purpose of this research has been to show the treatment of Métis and First Nations Aboriginal rights have not been treated equally and to confront the challenges that this analysis raises. Section 35 of the Canadian Constitution has not provided the protections to Aboriginal rights that one would expect. In order to make changes to the legal system I have identified some fundamental problems with Aboriginal law in Canada associated with the identification of the source of those rights. <p>Further, I have made some suggestions on the approaches that could be taken to change the direction of the Supreme Court of Canada regarding its interpretations of Métis rights.