Santa Maria é um projeto de exploração mineral conduzido pela empresa Votorantim Metais Ltda, com foco nas comodities zinco e chumbo. Localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, próximo das antigas minas de Camaquã e Uruguay, o projeto se encontra em uma região geologicamente fértil para exploração mineral. O depósito de Santa Maria possui informações suficientes para permitir a avaliação dos recursos minerais e também estudos de viabilidade econômica de projeto, entretanto, sua mineralização ocorre de forma heterogênea e condicionada a feições geológicas estruturais complexas, inserindo dúvidas à respeito da forma e volume dos corpos mineralizados. O objetivo desta pesquisa é a avaliação da incerteza associada à modelagem dos corpos mineralizados. Essa avaliação foi realizada através da comparação entre o modelo tridimensional confeccionado por interpretação de seções e outros dois modelos probabilísticos: um gerado por krigagem de indicadoras e outro gerado por simulação sequencial de indicadoras, que permitiu a interpretação da incerteza associada. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível quantificar os valores de volume máximo, mínimo e médio esperado no depósito, além de avaliar regiões de maior e menor confiança. A utilização conjunta dos métodos de krigagem de indicadoras e simulação sequencial de indicadoras se mostrou uma excelente opção para avaliação do modelo interpretado. Através do tratamento dos resultados foi possível obter informações à respeito da variabilidade local e global do depósito e sobre o comportamento espacial da mineralização. Os resultados e interpretações obtidos podem ser aplicados em trabalhos futuros no depósito, como na classificação do recurso mineral, no refinamento do modelo geológico e no planejamento de futuras malhas de sondagem infill. / Santa Maria is a mineral exploration project conducted by Votorantim Metais Ltda, with focus on zinc and lead extraction. The project is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the vicinities of the old mines of Camaquã and Uruguay, a favorable area for mineral exploration. There is enough information about Santa Maria\'s deposit to allow the estimation of mineral resources and the project\'s economical viability study, however, its mineralization occurs in heterogeneous ways and is conditioned to complex geological structural features, casting doubts about the shape and volume of the ore bodies. The main goal of this research is evaluating the uncertainty associated with the modeling of the orebodies. This evaluation was performed by comparing a three-dimensional model created by section interpretation and other two probabilistic models: one generated by indicator kriging, and the other generated by sequential indicator simulation, which allowed the interpretation of the associated uncertainty. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to quantify the maximum, minimum and average expected volume of the deposit, and also to evaluate the regions of most and least reliability. The joint use of indicator kriging and sequential indicator simulation methods proved to be an excelent tool for evaluating the interpreted model. By processing the results it was possible to obtain information about deposit\'s local and global variability and spatial behavior of mineralization. The obtained results and interpretations can be applied in deposit\'s further sutdies, for instance, to classify the mineral resource, to refine the geological model or to plan future infill drilholes.

Santa Maria é um projeto de exploração mineral conduzido pela empresa Votorantim Metais Ltda, com foco nas comodities zinco e chumbo. Localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, próximo das antigas minas de Camaquã e Uruguay, o projeto se encontra em uma região geologicamente fértil para exploração mineral. O depósito de Santa Maria possui informações suficientes para permitir a avaliação dos recursos minerais e também estudos de viabilidade econômica de projeto, entretanto, sua mineralização ocorre de forma heterogênea e condicionada a feições geológicas estruturais complexas, inserindo dúvidas à respeito da forma e volume dos corpos mineralizados. O objetivo desta pesquisa é a avaliação da incerteza associada à modelagem dos corpos mineralizados. Essa avaliação foi realizada através da comparação entre o modelo tridimensional confeccionado por interpretação de seções e outros dois modelos probabilísticos: um gerado por krigagem de indicadoras e outro gerado por simulação sequencial de indicadoras, que permitiu a interpretação da incerteza associada. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível quantificar os valores de volume máximo, mínimo e médio esperado no depósito, além de avaliar regiões de maior e menor confiança. A utilização conjunta dos métodos de krigagem de indicadoras e simulação sequencial de indicadoras se mostrou uma excelente opção para avaliação do modelo interpretado. Através do tratamento dos resultados foi possível obter informações à respeito da variabilidade local e global do depósito e sobre o comportamento espacial da mineralização. Os resultados e interpretações obtidos podem ser aplicados em trabalhos futuros no depósito, como na classificação do recurso mineral, no refinamento do modelo geológico e no planejamento de futuras malhas de sondagem infill. / Santa Maria is a mineral exploration project conducted by Votorantim Metais Ltda, with focus on zinc and lead extraction. The project is located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in the vicinities of the old mines of Camaquã and Uruguay, a favorable area for mineral exploration. There is enough information about Santa Maria\'s deposit to allow the estimation of mineral resources and the project\'s economical viability study, however, its mineralization occurs in heterogeneous ways and is conditioned to complex geological structural features, casting doubts about the shape and volume of the ore bodies. The main goal of this research is evaluating the uncertainty associated with the modeling of the orebodies. This evaluation was performed by comparing a three-dimensional model created by section interpretation and other two probabilistic models: one generated by indicator kriging, and the other generated by sequential indicator simulation, which allowed the interpretation of the associated uncertainty. Based on the obtained results, it was possible to quantify the maximum, minimum and average expected volume of the deposit, and also to evaluate the regions of most and least reliability. The joint use of indicator kriging and sequential indicator simulation methods proved to be an excelent tool for evaluating the interpreted model. By processing the results it was possible to obtain information about deposit\'s local and global variability and spatial behavior of mineralization. The obtained results and interpretations can be applied in deposit\'s further sutdies, for instance, to classify the mineral resource, to refine the geological model or to plan future infill drilholes.

Exploration companies commonly rely on geochemistry to identify alteration of distinctive geochemical and mineralogical character, surrounding metal sulphide deposits that were precipitated from hydrothermal fluids. However, examination of raw analytical data is prone to error due to closure effects and the difficulty in removing the effects of background variation in unaltered rocks from the variations imposed by later hydrothermal alteration. Closure can be avoided by using ratios, or by utilising mass balance approaches based on fixing volume, mass or concentration changes between samples of parent and daughter lithologies. Using a parent-daughter approach is limiting, because only pairs of samples can be compared at any one time and because an unaltered equivalent must be produced for each sample examined in this way. Pearce Element Ratio analysis and General Element Ratio analysis (PER and GER) are not restricted in this fashion, and are more amenable to interrogation of large data sets. PER and GER are also capable of decoupling background variation from that variation due to hydrothermal alteration. Furthermore, these ratio methods are readily applied to commercially derived lithogeochemical assays. In this study, various analytical methods and interpretive techniques (including PER and GER) have been applied to identify alteration in rocks around the Century and Elura Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, and to assess whether primary ore-related alteration effects can still be identified once altered rocks have been subjected to weathering. Ratios of trace elements over a conserved element have been used to generate a suite of pathfinder elements for each deposit. Elements enriched in host rocks around both deposits include the economic metals Zn, Pb and Ag, along with Rb and Tl. Sodium is ubiquitously depleted in altered rocks. Other elements in the pathfinder suites are distinctive to each deposit type, and include a number of major and trace elements that are added or removed from the rocks around the mineralised zones. For example, Sb and As are enriched in rocks around Elura mineralisation while Ge and Cd are enriched in samples around Century deposit. Iron carbonate development accompanied by potassic alteration, the destruction of albite and the absence of chlorite are the dominant mineral alteration effects at both deposits. PER and GER diagrams have been used to quantify the intensity of this alteration and allow lithogeochemistry to be used to vector towards high intensity alteration, which is adjacent to Century and Elura mineralisation. These ratio methods are applied to both visibly and cryptically altered rocks at both deposits, and have a very high degree of success in classifying alteration in unweathered rocks. The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Elura mineralisation: Ca/C, K/Al for shales, K/(Al-Na) for siltstones/sandstones. The following simple PER ratios indicate proximity to Century mineralisation: Mn/Ti, Mg/Ti and Fe/Ti vs C/Ti, K/Ti vs Al/Ti, K/Ti vs (Al-Na)/Ti. Pathfinder elements can be overlain onto PER and GER diagrams to aid in ranking the prospectivity of samples, and to assess mineral hosts for individual pathfinder elements. Weathering destroys most indicators of alteration in the Elura area, while alteration signatures are better preserved in host rocks around the Century deposit.