Much of the research on vocabulary development in preschool children has focused on the dimension of breadth, or the number of words known. However, vocabulary depth, or the quality of knowledge for known words, predicts reading comprehension above and beyond the contribution made by breadth. A focus on depth can also better inform instruction by providing more detailed information about childrenâs word-learning. This three-paper dissertation is aimed at clarifying depth as a concept, tracking how it develops and how it can be fostered in preschoolers, and examining how it can be measured. The first paper looks at preschoolersâ depth of learning for words from different form classes, examining the kinds of semantic information that were learned during a book-reading and play intervention. The second paper is a conceptual review of vocabulary measures used with preK-1st grade children. This paper maps these measures on to features of depth, making visible the aspects of word knowledge assessed by each, and also argues for the use and development of measures that tap higher-quality word knowledge. The third paper reports the results of an informational book-reading and play intervention designed to support preschoolersâ depth of word knowledge. This paper examines the impact of the intervention, and also looks at specific features of instruction and interaction that may contribute to depth, such as teaching words in taxonomies and the potential benefit of using target words in responsive interactions. As a set, these papers seek to add to the fieldâs theoretical understanding of depth and to shift the focus in vocabulary interventions and measurement to include a greater attention to quality of word knowledge.

This dissertation examines how teachers learn to implement translingual pedagogy in a language arts classroom. I analyze data from a five-week professional development study in which three middle school teachers learned and enacted an approach to pedagogical translation called TRANSLATE. TRANSLATE is adapted from small group guided reading, and describes specific steps and flexible strategies for guiding students to collaboratively translate short passages from grade level texts to improve reading comprehension. Focusing on teacher reflections on teaching TRANSLATE, I first examine how teachersâ professional vision of translingual pedagogy led to changes in their practice of pedagogical translation. Teachersâ initial orientations on pedagogical translation were highly individualized; conditioned by their normative pedagogical routines, their histories of engagement with particular students, and their participation in other related practices, especially second language learning experiences. As translation routines stabilized, however, teachersâ professional vision of translingual pedagogy began to converge through opportunities provided within the professional development for collaborative discussion of the goals of the practice. Drawing on social practice theory and multimodal discourse analysis procedures, I then examine lesson transcripts and video to investigate how teacher participation in language problem solving events (LPSEs) facilitated studentsâ metalinguistic understanding and teacher learning. This analysis suggests that studentsâ tendency to make explicit metalinguistic connections during collaborative translation is facilitated by bodily and material arrangements that promote shared attention on texts, especially on alternative translation choices. It also describes power struggles that arise when studentsâ focus on communicating essential text information conflicts with teachersâ goal of exploring the meaning of unusual vocabulary. Finally, this study suggests teachersâ participation in LPSEs is more strategic and effective when translation is regarded as a tool to achieve curricular objectives, rather than an end in itself. This study contributes to research and practice in translingual pedagogy by expanding our understanding of how teachers learn to leverage student background knowledge toward pedagogical goals in multilingual classrooms.

As efforts are made in pre-kindergarten settings to design and model high quality programs, there is a growing need to attend to the aspects of the local context that may influence the ways that teachers and staff make sense of visions for their practice. Yet, the professional cultures in which teachers and other educators make sense of their practice are multifaceted and not well understood, particularly in early childhood settings. This exploratory case study examines collaboration and mentorship network structures, the alignment between formal structures and informal networks, and the beliefs among leaders, teachers, and assistants in three pre-kindergarten schools that comprised an initiative to build a model pre-kindergarten program. Social network surveys and self-reported beliefs from 75 educators were used to develop a composite picture of professional culture at each school, complemented by interviews participants. Results indicate distinct cultures at each of the three schools and sparse ties across the three schools. More specifically, variations in the network cohesion and teacher assistant positioning, in the alignment between formal and informal networks, and in autonomy and teacher-assistant trust at the schools were combined into different types of professional culture. Interview statements and examples provide evidence for each type of professional culture. Implications for policymakers and practitioners hoping to develop strong positive professional cultures are included. Future research is needed that uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to generate more comprehensive pictures of professional culture in a variety of schools.

Classroom mathematics discussions are difficult for teachers to orchestrate. They require attending to and responding to studentsâ ideas about mathematics in ways that are responsive to their approaches, yet also guiding the group toward more sophisticated mathematical understanding. Deliberate practice is a promising approach to preparing teachers for this work. In this dissertation I focus on a form of deliberate practice called rehearsal that provides teachers an opportunity to role-play these discussions while instructors provide coaching and feedback. I provide a synthesis of literature that illuminates the learning opportunities in rehearsal and situates rehearsal as one component of a larger learning cycle that helps teachers learn how to learn from their own practice. I then offer two empirical analyses that examine the role of rehearsal in changes to the classroom practice of inservice middle school math teachers. These analyses conclude that the content of teachersâ questions are particularly susceptible to change as a result of rehearsal and are propelled through moments of teacher self-correction and conflict with previously-established classroom norms.

Previous studies have attempted to establish an empirical link between teachers beliefs and practices. However, weak theoretical framing and ambiguity in the measurement of beliefs and practices have contributed to challenges in researching the relationship between teachers beliefs and practices, resulting in uncertainty in the prevalence of different beliefs, the amount of individual variance in beliefs, and how beliefs influence teachers classroom practices. The current study proposes a theoretical framework based on the extant literature and uses a person-oriented approach to examine early childhood teachers content-related beliefs regarding the skills necessary for school readiness. Teachers belief profiles are used to explore the link between teachers beliefs and their use of instructional time and other observed classroom practices. The influences of contextual considerations such as teacher background, classroom composition, school setting, and regional contexts on both teachers belief profiles and their classroom practices were investigated. The study found no evidence that teachers belief profiles were associated with their practices, but results suggest that contextual considerations may be more important and relevant to teachers classroom practices than previously recognized. The findings are discussed in light of previous studies and evidence regarding child behaviors that are predictive of school success. Implications for teacher education and professional development are described, as well as the need for further investigation of teachers professional contexts and the potential benefits of qualitative or mixed-methods approaches.

Self-regulation is increasingly recognized as a key component of early school readiness. Self-regulatory skills, like paying attention, ignoring distractions, following directions, and persisting on difficult tasks, are particularly relevant for school success. However, little is known about the related developmental processes that may facilitate young childrens self-regulation growth. Socio-cultural theory posits a link between childrens early language skills and their self-regulation, whereby language serves as a metacognitive tool that children use to regulate their behavior, but thus far, only limited empirical evidence supports this connection. This study explored the relationship between childrens initial language skills, self-regulation gains, and learning behaviors in pre-kindergarten classrooms. Using an array of assessment tools (including standardized language assessments, direct child measures of self-regulation, teacher ratings of language and self-regulation, and child observational data), this study employed a unique cross-validation approach to answer three main questions. The first question examined the relationship between childrens language skills at pre-kindergarten entry and their self-regulation growth during the year. The second question explored whether childrens entering language skills were associated with the learning behaviors in which they engaged in their classrooms. The final question tested whether childrens learning behaviors in the classroom mediated the relationship between their entering language skills and their self-regulation gains. The studys results demonstrated that childrens entering language skills were positively related to their self-regulation growth over the course of the pre-kindergarten year. Further, childrens entering language skills were related to classroom behaviors believed to be particularly relevant for self-regulation growth, including social and sequential learning activities. In addition, childrens language skills were positively related to involvement during learning activities, and negatively related to off-task behavior. Finally, although the overall results of the analyses did not support mediation, the models for involvement and off-task behavior approached the statistical criteria for mediation. The results suggest that early language skills may play an important role in the development of self-regulation, in part because they are an important aspect of childrens ability to become highly engaged in classroom activities.

This project focuses on whether participation in authentic research experiences has an impact on teachers understanding of the Nature of Science (NOS) and, consequently, their classroom instruction related to NOS. In my dissertation, I first explore to what extent participation in research affected teachers understanding and in what ways. I then describe any patterns that were evident in aspects of or activities within teachers research experiences that suggested that they may help make certain aspects of NOS more salient to participants. Finally, I explain the extent to which any changes took place in teachers classroom instruction that reflected shifts in their NOS understanding. Results indicate that, while participation in certain research activities may, in fact, make certain aspects of NOS more understandable for teachers, this does not necessitate change in classroom practice. Implications for research-based teacher professional development programs are explored based on these results.

The goal of this study is to investigate how a learning-progression-centered assessment system mediated the collaborative efforts between teachers and researchers in reorienting assessment toward improving the quality of instruction and supporting student learning. In particular, this study aims to understand how the learning-progression-centered assessment system can support teachers to orchestrate productive classroom discussion based on the path outlined in the learning progression to make conceptual progress. The analysis of four case teachers provides evidence that the assessment system supported teachers in developing understandings of the big ideas of data, chance and statistics and of the learning progressions of statistical reasoning. In addition, the assessment system supported the teachers in transforming assessment practices in their classrooms. The teachers demonstrated construct-centered orchestration of assessment talk: structuring classroom interaction centered on important mathematical ideas represented in the classification system and/or aligning the instructional trajectory with the learning progressions to support student learning. This study suggests that learning progressions as a classification system can be an effective tool to disrupt the historically developed classificatory system for assessment in modern schooling (i.e., right or wrong) and eventually overwrite it with a disciplinary perspective on mathematics. The field needs to develop more content-specific classification systems to inspect qualities of students reasoning and teachers interpretations of students reasoning.

Science education is increasingly organized around engaging students in scientific practices, positioning them as makers of knowledge. However, there is significant uncertainty both about how to initiate students into these practices and how domain knowledge and participation in practice should be integrated in instruction. This three-paper dissertation addresses these challenges by situating students activity within the overarching enterprise of modeling. The first paper is a conceptual review of the literature on scientific argumentation. It conceptualizes argumentation as the social activity that problematizes and stabilizes modeling practice and proposes three directions for research: carefully designing uncertainty into students activity, describing how students critique not just what they know but the means by which they know it, and attending to the development of practice. The second and third papers are empirical studies of third grade students scientific activity in a backyard ecosystem; they trace the relation between students modeling practice and the development of ecological understanding. The second paper documents four phases of instruction during one school year, following the development of one disciplinary idea, the reproductive success of plants. It traces how students activity facilitated the visibility and utility of meanings for reproduction, which, in turn, shaped students subsequent modeling practice. The third paper presents a close analysis of students work around one experiment, with which they sought to understand how different amounts of light might account for the pattern of plant distribution in the backyard. It describes the aspects of modeling practice students engaged in as they worked with the experiment, how their practice made contact with ecological ideas, and how forms of practice and disciplinary understandings developed over the course of eight weeks of activity. As a set, the papers illustrate productive contacts between the social, conceptual, and epistemic aspects of scientific activity that can be cultivated in instructional experiences that are typical in elementary school. In addition, they present, test, and refine design principles for engineering learning environments in which knowledge-making is both accessible to students and a useful foundation for disciplinary understandings.

A qualitative and quantitative study that give insight into students framing of digital physics video game environments is presented in this thesis. A qualitative pilot study is explained followed by a follow-up interview study. Analysis of post-interview video data showed evidence of discourse-differences in students framing of gaming environments as being game-like, or physics like. A secondary quantitative study analyzed the detail of students post gameplay artwork to see if there were statistically significant difference in the artwork due to the frequency and duration of gameplay. Analysis using a hierarchical linear model split across class sessions was not able to explain the variance in students performance.