54 Summary In this experimental study, selected Devonian limestones of the Prague Basin (i.e. samples from the historic quarry of Branické skály) were examined to find their suitability for production of hydraulic limes or for natural cement. Four representative samples of the dvorecko-prokopské limestone were sampled in the form of blocks weighing approximately 10 kg each, from the layer of the quarry wall that had been chosen based on literature research. A detailed mineralogical-petrographic examination of samples was the first step, in an attempt to obtain their mineralogical composition, microstructure and texture. Samples were analysed by polarizing microscopy and cathodoluminescence of thin sections, and X-ray diffraction of insoluble residues determined by treatment with both the hydrochloric acid and the acetic acid solution. Mineralogical composition of the insoluble residuals was illite, kaolinite, quartz and Na-plagioclase (albite). Two samples contained among above mentioned mineral phases also chlorite. The utility of studied limestones for the production of hydraulic binders (hydraulic limes and natural cement) was derived from both the calculations based on obtained chemical analyses (included standard cement and lime indexes and modules) and the firing experiments. The firing experiments...

Estudou-se o efeito da temperatura na conversão e no coeficiente global de taxa de reação no processo de absorção de SO2 por calcário em reator de leito fluidizado borbulhante atmosférico. O sistema experimental foi constituído por um reator de 160 mm de diâmetro interno e altura de 450 mm e seus periféricos. Os experimentos foram feitos com a introdução de calcário em batelada no leito, fluidizado com ar contendo uma concentração constante e uniforme SO2 e aquecido eletricamente. Utilizou-se granulometria estreita de calcário com diâmetros médios de 545 e 650 &#956m. A areia de quartzo que compunha o leito tinha diâmetro médio de 650 &#956m. Os experimentos foram realizados com bateladas de 50 g de calcário adicionadas ao leito durante o teste, com as demais condições mantidas constantes. As temperaturas utilizadas variaram de 700 a 958°C, a relação entre as velocidades de fluidização e de mínima fluidização foi mantida em 4/1, e fator de fluxo bolha/particulado em torno de 2,6. Os resultados mostraram que a conversão foi relativamente baixa, entre 1,2 e 10,9%, dependendo sobretudo da temperatura utilizada. O coeficiente global de taxa de reação aumentou com a temperatura, atingindo um valor máximo de 500 m/s a 881ºC e decrescendo a partir deste valor. / The effect of temperature in both the conversion and the overall rate of reaction coefficient for the process of SO2 absorption by limestone within a fluidized bed was studied on a bench scale atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The reactor had an internal diameter of 160 mm and was 450 mm high. The bed was fluidized with air with a concentration of about 950 ppm of SO2. This mixture was electrically heated. The bed material was quartz sand with a narrow size distribution of around 650 &#956m. Limestone was fed to the bed with narrow sized particles of 545 and 650 &#956m. The experiments were carried out on a batch mode introducing samples of 50 g of limestone into the bed with the other variables kept constant. Process temperatures ranged from 700 to 958°C, the relation between gas fluidization velocity and minimum gas fluidization velocity was fixed at 4/1 and the cross flow factor was around 2.6. The results showed a relatively low conversion of limestone, from 1.2 to 10.9%, depending mostly on temperature. The overall rate of reaction coefficient increased with temperature, reaching a maximum value of 500 m/s at 881°C, and decreasing afterwards.

Devido aos diversos efeitos causados pela presença de \'SO IND.2\' em gases liberados na atmosfera, considerável atenção tem sido dada às técnicas para remoção deste poluente proveniente do processo de combustão. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo relacionado com a determinação das melhores condições de granulometria e temperatura no processo de sorção de \'SO IND.2\' por um calcário dolomítico, denominado DP, e um calcário calcítico, denominado ICB, empregando-se a termogravimetria e porosimetria de adsorção de nitrogênio. Foram estudadas cinco faixas de granulometria média (385, 460, 545, 650 e 775 µm) e temperatura (variando de 745 a 920 ºC) para cada calcário. Com a aplicação do planejamento experimental, obtiveram-se superfícies de resposta com pontos de máximo indicando as melhores condições para cada calcário. Para o calcário DP, as maiores conversões (52%) foram obtidas na temperatura de calcinação de 850ºC e granulometria de 545 µm e as menores conversões foram obtidas para temperaturas acima de 900ºC e abaixo de 780ºC. Para o calcário ICB, as melhores condições foram obtidas em temperatura de 815ºC e 274 µm (conversão de 36,7%). Estabelecendo-se uma correlação entre a superfície de resposta e os parâmetros da estrutura física, os calcários, na condição de máxima conversão, apresentaram maior distribuição de poros na região de 20 a 110 A, indicando que a quantidade de poros menores pode ser um fator importante na reatividade do calcário. Pelos resultados apresentados na porosimetria, ambos os calcários apresentaram a média de diâmetro de poros próxima a 0,01 µm, indicando que o processo de difusão deveria seguir a Lei de Fick. No entanto, para calcário ICB observou-se o maior desenvolvimento de microporos, indicando que o mecanismo de difusão deste calcário possivelmente segue a Lei de Knudsen, justificando as menores conversões pelo rápido bloqueio dos poros, que impedem que as camadas mais internas sejam atingidas. Por meio das imagens obtidas por MEV, observou-se que a superfície do calcário ICB sulfatado apresentou uma camada mais fechada e compactada do que o calcário DP. / Due to various effects caused by the presence of \'SO IND.2\' in gases released into the atmosphere, considerable attention has been given to techniques of removal of this pollutant from the combustion processes. This dissertation reports on studies related to the determination of the optimum conditions of temperature and particle size in \'SO IND.2\' sorption by a dolomite, called DP and a calcite, called ICB. Five ranges of granulometry (385, 460, 545, 650 e 775 µm) and temperature (from 745 to 920ºC) were studie for each limestone. The application of experimental design resulted in a response surface with maximum values of temperature and particle size. For DP, the highest conversions (52%) were obtained at 850ºC and particle size of 545 µm and the lowest conversions were obtained at temperatures over 900ºC and below 780ºC. For ICB, the best conditions were obtained at 815ºC and 274 µm (36.7% conversion). The correlation between response surface and physical structure parameters showed that the amount of small pores is an important factor in the reactivity of the sorbents. For both DP and ICB, the average of pore size is close to 0.01 µm, indicating that the diffusion mechanism should follow the Fick law. However, in limestone ICB a further development of micropores was observed, allowing concluding that the diffusion mechanism possibly follows Knudsen law, which justifies the lowest conversions by quick pore blockage, consequently making the inner layers inaccessible. These assumptions were evidenced by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in which a compacted and closed layer was showed on ICB sulfated surface.

Holocene and Pleistocene grainstone deposits surrounding Ocean Cay located on the western margin of Great Bahama Bank provide key evidence for the comprehension of patterns, processes and petrophysical heterogeneity of carbonate grainstone shoals. New datasets consisting of high-resolution remote sensing data, acoustic Doppler current measurements, sub-bottom profiles, and sedimentological and petrophysical analyses offer an opportunity to elucidate the various factors in the deposition of a grainstone shoal complex and assess of how much of the sedimentary fabric and early diagenetic overprint influences the petrophysical characteristics of similar ancient deposits. The Holocene shoal complex investigated here includes the Cat Cay ooid shoal and the Ocean Cay tidal deltas, which collectively form a 1-3 km wide, 35 km long sand belt around Ocean Cay. These factors controlling the distribution, preservation and modification of these sediments are the antecedent Pleistocene topography, bathymetry, and hydrodynamics at this margin. High-resolution seismic data reveal that the laterally continuous and thick Cat Cay ooid shoal north of Ocean Cay is situated on top of a flat Pleistocene surface and located platformward of a Pleistocene rock ridge. This finding challenges the assumption of previous studies that an antecedent high is needed for ooid shoal initiation. In contrast, south of Ocean Cay, skeletal-rich tidal deltas occur east of rocky Pleistocene islands and formed over an irregular Pleistocene surface that is slightly shallower than the flat surface north of Ocean Cay. In addition to the antecedent topography, differences in shoal morphology and sediment attributes between the north and south areas around Ocean Cay are related to linkages among fluid flow patterns, shoal morphology and granulometry. The hydrodynamic data document the influence of tidal flows in modifying the shape of bars creating sinuous and parabolic forms during flood and ebb reversing flows. Spatial distribution of grain size and sorting is affected because high flow velocities (up to 100 cm sec-1) inside tidal channels and inlets can erode and remobilized sediments mixing skeletal grains, peloids and ooids. Dominance of flood tide across this Holocene shoal complex allowed tidal deltas to form bankward of inlets between rock islands. Tidal channels and inter-bar troughs can focus tidal flow during flood tide creating lobes platformward instead of previously assumptions on the effect of storm and formation of spillover lobes bankward. Cores from the subsurface at Ocean Cay show that the architecture of the Pleistocene grainstone facies is similar to the Holocene shoal configuration of bars, channels, and bioturbated stabilized areas. Cross-bedded oolitic/peloidal and bioturbated skeletal/peloidal facies exhibit facies-dependent petrophysical heterogeneity, and reveal depositional and early diagenetic controls on petrophysical properties. Porosity and permeability in the grainstones at Ocean Cay are high, up to 47% and up to 11500 mD, respectively. Early diagenesis modifies the pore geometry of the rock, thus reducing permeability. A comparison of petrographic and petrophysical properties of the Pleistocene shoal with those from the Pennsylvanian ooid shoals reveals that were strongly influenced by the original fabric and early near-surface diagenesis. The integration of data from both the modern and ancient carbonate systems provides a better understanding of the factors controlling shoal morphology, facies architecture, and rock properties. The results of this study can be used as a guide for interpreting heterogeneity and reservoir properties of analogous facies within ancient ooid shoals.

Τεκτονική ανάλυση της επαφής της Φυλλιτικής-Χαλαζιτικής σειράς και των ασβεστόλιθων Τριπόλεως στο ανατολικό περιθώριο του Πάρνωνα. Καθώς όμως και η τεκτονική ανάλυση και η γεωλογική ιστορία της ευρύτερης περιοχής των τεκτονικών παραθύρων, του Πάρνωνα και του Ταΰγετου. / Stractural analysis of the contact of the Phyllite-Quartzite series and the Tripolitsa limestones to the eastern margin of Parnon. As, however, the structural analysis and the geological history of the region of two tectonic windows of Parnon and Taygetos.

Devido aos diversos efeitos causados pela presença de \'SO IND.2\' em gases liberados na atmosfera, considerável atenção tem sido dada às técnicas para remoção deste poluente proveniente do processo de combustão. Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo relacionado com a determinação das melhores condições de granulometria e temperatura no processo de sorção de \'SO IND.2\' por um calcário dolomítico, denominado DP, e um calcário calcítico, denominado ICB, empregando-se a termogravimetria e porosimetria de adsorção de nitrogênio. Foram estudadas cinco faixas de granulometria média (385, 460, 545, 650 e 775 µm) e temperatura (variando de 745 a 920 ºC) para cada calcário. Com a aplicação do planejamento experimental, obtiveram-se superfícies de resposta com pontos de máximo indicando as melhores condições para cada calcário. Para o calcário DP, as maiores conversões (52%) foram obtidas na temperatura de calcinação de 850ºC e granulometria de 545 µm e as menores conversões foram obtidas para temperaturas acima de 900ºC e abaixo de 780ºC. Para o calcário ICB, as melhores condições foram obtidas em temperatura de 815ºC e 274 µm (conversão de 36,7%). Estabelecendo-se uma correlação entre a superfície de resposta e os parâmetros da estrutura física, os calcários, na condição de máxima conversão, apresentaram maior distribuição de poros na região de 20 a 110 A, indicando que a quantidade de poros menores pode ser um fator importante na reatividade do calcário. Pelos resultados apresentados na porosimetria, ambos os calcários apresentaram a média de diâmetro de poros próxima a 0,01 µm, indicando que o processo de difusão deveria seguir a Lei de Fick. No entanto, para calcário ICB observou-se o maior desenvolvimento de microporos, indicando que o mecanismo de difusão deste calcário possivelmente segue a Lei de Knudsen, justificando as menores conversões pelo rápido bloqueio dos poros, que impedem que as camadas mais internas sejam atingidas. Por meio das imagens obtidas por MEV, observou-se que a superfície do calcário ICB sulfatado apresentou uma camada mais fechada e compactada do que o calcário DP. / Due to various effects caused by the presence of \'SO IND.2\' in gases released into the atmosphere, considerable attention has been given to techniques of removal of this pollutant from the combustion processes. This dissertation reports on studies related to the determination of the optimum conditions of temperature and particle size in \'SO IND.2\' sorption by a dolomite, called DP and a calcite, called ICB. Five ranges of granulometry (385, 460, 545, 650 e 775 µm) and temperature (from 745 to 920ºC) were studie for each limestone. The application of experimental design resulted in a response surface with maximum values of temperature and particle size. For DP, the highest conversions (52%) were obtained at 850ºC and particle size of 545 µm and the lowest conversions were obtained at temperatures over 900ºC and below 780ºC. For ICB, the best conditions were obtained at 815ºC and 274 µm (36.7% conversion). The correlation between response surface and physical structure parameters showed that the amount of small pores is an important factor in the reactivity of the sorbents. For both DP and ICB, the average of pore size is close to 0.01 µm, indicating that the diffusion mechanism should follow the Fick law. However, in limestone ICB a further development of micropores was observed, allowing concluding that the diffusion mechanism possibly follows Knudsen law, which justifies the lowest conversions by quick pore blockage, consequently making the inner layers inaccessible. These assumptions were evidenced by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in which a compacted and closed layer was showed on ICB sulfated surface.

Estudou-se o efeito da temperatura na conversão e no coeficiente global de taxa de reação no processo de absorção de SO2 por calcário em reator de leito fluidizado borbulhante atmosférico. O sistema experimental foi constituído por um reator de 160 mm de diâmetro interno e altura de 450 mm e seus periféricos. Os experimentos foram feitos com a introdução de calcário em batelada no leito, fluidizado com ar contendo uma concentração constante e uniforme SO2 e aquecido eletricamente. Utilizou-se granulometria estreita de calcário com diâmetros médios de 545 e 650 &#956m. A areia de quartzo que compunha o leito tinha diâmetro médio de 650 &#956m. Os experimentos foram realizados com bateladas de 50 g de calcário adicionadas ao leito durante o teste, com as demais condições mantidas constantes. As temperaturas utilizadas variaram de 700 a 958°C, a relação entre as velocidades de fluidização e de mínima fluidização foi mantida em 4/1, e fator de fluxo bolha/particulado em torno de 2,6. Os resultados mostraram que a conversão foi relativamente baixa, entre 1,2 e 10,9%, dependendo sobretudo da temperatura utilizada. O coeficiente global de taxa de reação aumentou com a temperatura, atingindo um valor máximo de 500 m/s a 881ºC e decrescendo a partir deste valor. / The effect of temperature in both the conversion and the overall rate of reaction coefficient for the process of SO2 absorption by limestone within a fluidized bed was studied on a bench scale atmospheric bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The reactor had an internal diameter of 160 mm and was 450 mm high. The bed was fluidized with air with a concentration of about 950 ppm of SO2. This mixture was electrically heated. The bed material was quartz sand with a narrow size distribution of around 650 &#956m. Limestone was fed to the bed with narrow sized particles of 545 and 650 &#956m. The experiments were carried out on a batch mode introducing samples of 50 g of limestone into the bed with the other variables kept constant. Process temperatures ranged from 700 to 958°C, the relation between gas fluidization velocity and minimum gas fluidization velocity was fixed at 4/1 and the cross flow factor was around 2.6. The results showed a relatively low conversion of limestone, from 1.2 to 10.9%, depending mostly on temperature. The overall rate of reaction coefficient increased with temperature, reaching a maximum value of 500 m/s at 881°C, and decreasing afterwards.

M. Tech. (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / For centuries the contamination of surface water has been problematic, especially in third world countries whereby socio-economic issues are prevalent. With the development of various technologies for surface water rehabilitation, adsorption has been found to be the most viable due to its lower cost implications. As such the development of innovative adsorbents which are synergistic to the low cost method have been sought. Herein, the use of fossil coral limestone from Mauritius as adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II), Cr(VI) and methylene blue is presented. The pristine material (PCLS) was thermally treated by calcination to temperatures 800°C (CLS-800) and 900°C (CLS-900) and chemically treated by using an acid HCl (ACL) and base NaOH (BCL). The optimum conditions found for chemical and thermal treatment of the pristine material were used for the one pot synthesis of magnetite and maghemite calcium carbonate based nanocomposites. The pristine fossil coral limestones were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray fluorescence XRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV visible spectrophotometer (UV/vis) and Photolumiscent spectroscopy (PL). Surface morphology of the material was found to contain an interconnected framework of pores, with a surface area of 20.45 m2/g and pore with of 4.04 nm. Thermal treatment of the material was found to increase the surface area of the materials to 64.10 and 63.28 m2/g for CLS-800 and CLS-900. The surface morphology of the calcined materials compared to the pristine were fibrous like and irregularly shaped for CLS-800 and CLS-900 respectively. The FTIR revealed the dominant surface groups to be (-C-O) and (-C=O) asymmetric stretch of the in and out of plane bend of carbonate (-CO32-), with the composition of the material being 91.76 % (-CaO) and 3.32% SrO. The thermally treated materials also exhibited vibrations of asymmetric stretch, which are characteristics of the carbonates as with the pristine material. However, EDS of the pristine compared to that of the calcined materials show a decline in the carbon and oxygen content, due to calcination. The XRD analysis confirmed the orthorhombic structure of aragonite, while CLS-800 was rhombohedral calcite with newly developed (-CaO) peaks. CLS-900 showed complete removal of CaCO3 polymorphs with more (-CaO) peaks. The surface morphology of the chemically modified samples show irregularly shaped surface. The XRD analysis confirmed that chemical treatment did convert the materials to a different polymorph. The FTIR of the chemically modified materials compared to the pristine, were found to reveal a removal of the vibrations of the asymmetric stretch associated with carbonates. However, vibrations associated with (-CaO) were observed. The SEM of the nanocomposites was observed to deviate from sphericity with variable size distribution. The materials were both red and blue shifted due to their variable sizes. Their UV/vis revealed absorption bands in the visible region. The adsorption analysis was done by varying parameters such as time, pH, concentration and temperature. The data was such that the highest capacity for the pristine material was found to be 37.24, 39.26 and 69.42 mg/g for MB, Pb(II) and Cr(VI) respectively. The removal of MB and Pb(II) pollutants were due to physical adsorption, as observed from the good fitting to pseudo first order model (PFOM). The removal of Cr(VI) was due chemisorption and the good fit on pseudo second order model (PSOM). The adsorption process was supported on a heterogeneous surface whereby multilayer adsorption could occur. Adsorption was spontaneous and feasible, exothermic for MB and Pb(II) and endothermic for Cr(VI) at all the studied temperatures as observed from thermodynamics. The adsorption of methylene blue was found to be more favourable on adsorption compared to photo-degradation Chemical modification was observed to increase adsorption and the maximum removal capacities for PCLS, ACL and BCL for Cr(VI) ions were 69.42, 65.04, 64.88 mg/g, Pb(II) ions 39.36, 74.11, 78.34 mg/g and methylene blue 37.24, 46.28, 46.39 mg/g, respectively. Uptake of Cr(VI) and methylene blue on ACL and BCL was feasible on a heterogeneous surface whereby multilayer adsorption took place. Monolayer adsorption on a homogenous surface of ACL and BCL was observed for Pb(II) uptake. The uptake of Pb(II) was exothermic on PCLS and ACL while methylene blue only on PCLS. The adsorption of Cr(VI) ions onto PCLS, ACL and BCL and methylene blue dye onto ACL and BCL were endothermic in nature. The adsorption process was spontaneous and feasible at all the studied temperatures. Thermal modification further increased the adsorption uptake of the pollutants. The recorded uptake for Cr(VI) and Pb(II) were 99.12 and 98.42 mg/g onto CLS-800 and CLS-900, respectively. The adsorption process was found to be physisorption, due to the good fit on PFOM. In addition, the adsorption occurred on a heterogeneous surface whereby multilayer adsorption was possible. The removal of Cr(VI) was found to be exothermic for both the materials and Pb(II) was found to be endothermic. The materials were tested for their reusability to up to four cycles, whereby the removal on the fourth cycle were 16.87, 63.60, 73.13 mg/g for Cr(VI), 9.87, 64.19 and 70.95 mg/g for Pb(II) on PCLS, CLS-800 and CLS-900. While the leaching test for PCLS, CLS-800 and CLS-900 for the release of Ca2+ into solution was found to be within the permissible limits of world health organisation (WHO). The as synthesized nanocomposites increase adsorption of the pollutants. Maximum capacities were found to be 345.34, 388.31, 377.92 and 375.35 mg/g for Pb(II) onto magnetite-PCLS, magnetite-CLS, maghemite-PCLS and maghemite-CLS, respectively and 308.01, 335.3, 335.29 and 335.27 mg/g for Cr(VI) onto magnetite-PCLS, magnetite-CLS, maghemite-PCLS and maghemite-CLS, respectively. From the data it was observed that the maghemite samples were much more favourable for the removal of the pollutants. The removal was due to chemical adsorption, as observed from the good fit onto PSOM and intraparticle diffusion (IPD), whereby surface adsorption was the rate limiting step. The adsorption process was heterogeneous and multilayer, while thermodynamic data reveal that adsorption was spontaneous and favourable at the studied temperature.

SEDIMENTOLOGY AND STRATIGRAPHY OF T&Uuml / RBEYANI MARL SEQUENCES AND iNPiRi LIMESTONES (LATE BARREMIAN - ALBIAN): IMPLICATIONS FOR POSSIBLE SOURCE AND RESERVOIR ROCKS (NW TURKEY) Anar Nabiyev M.Sc., Department of Geological Engineering Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. i. &Ouml / mer Yilmaz April 2007, 105 pages Sedimentology, cyclostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy of the T&uuml / rbeyani Marls (Albian) and the inpiri Limestone (Upper Barremian-Albian) members of Ulus Formation (incigez, Bartin, Amasra) were interpreted in this study. In the T&uuml / rbeyani Marls total of five different facies were defined. Marl and limestone facies are the most abundant in the succession. The depositional environment of the succession was defined as an outer shelf area. Within the pelagic marls 39 smaller order and 9 higher order cycles were recognized. These cycles correspond to the parasequences and parasequence sets of sequence stratigraphy, respectively. In the measured section only one type-3 sequence boundary was identified. In the inpiri Limestones great variety of limestone facies are represented. Bioclastic, peloidal, intraclastic wackestone-packstone-grainstone facies are the most abundant. Moreover, occurrence of lime mudstone, fenestral limestone, ooid packstone-grainstone, and sandstone facies are present as well. In the measured section of the inpiri Limestones 25 fifth order and 6 fourth order cycles were defined. These cycles correspond to the parasequence sets and systems tracts of the sequence stratigraphy, respectively. Total of three transgressive and three highstand systems tract were defined. Only one type 2 sequence boundary was identified in the measured section, the rest of them are interrupted by covers. This study revealed that the T&uuml / rbeyani Marls and the inpiri Limestones are not economically valuable as petroleum source and reservoir rocks, respectively. The total organic carbon (TOC) values of marl facies of the T&uuml / rbeyani marls are very low, and the pore spaces observed in the inpiri Limestone are cement filled making it unsuitable reservoir rock. Keywords: sedimentology, cyclostratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, T&uuml / rbeyani Marls, inpiri Limestones, Albian, Upper Barremian, Amasra, Bartin.

Oι νεραϊδόκυκλοι είναι φυσικά κυκλικά σχέδια που σχηματίζονται από μανιτάρια ή απουσία φυτών πάνω σε μια έκταση που καλύπτεται από χλωρίδα. Εμφανίζονται σε διάφορες περιοχές του κόσμου και τα αίτια σχηματισμού τους δεν έχουν ερευνηθεί πλήρως. Μπορούν να οφείλονται σε διαφορετικά αίτια τελείως άσχετα μεταξύ τους. Είναι συνδεδεμένοι με πλούσιο λαογραφικό και εθνολογικό υλικό σε πολλούς πολιτισμούς του κόσμου όπου ο καθένας προσπάθησε να δώσει τη δίκη του ερμηνεία, σε αυτό το φαινόμενο. Στο Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο κατά το Μεσαίωνα είχαν συνδέσει τους κύκλους αυτούς με δραστηριότητες νεραϊδών, εξαφανίσεις ανθρώπων και πύλες σε άλλους κόσμους. Στη Γαλλία τους είχαν συνδέσει με μάγους και τελετουργίες. Στην Ελλάδα αναφέρονται σε σχέση με «ανθρωπόμορφες» οντότητες οι οποίες είχαν ιδιαίτερες γνώσεις και ικανότητες, έχουν παρατηρηθεί και στη Ναμίμπια . Στην έρευνα αυτή θα συσχετιστούν στοιχεία γύρω από φαινόμενα όπως οι δίνες πλάσματος χαμηλής ενέργειας. Τα όποια θα συνδυαστούν ώστε να έχουμε μια ευρεία ανάλυση που θα μας επιτρέψει να κατανοήσουμε καλύτερα τους νεραϊδόκυκλους και τα αίτια τους. / Fairy circles are a natural phenomenon that forms circular patterns through the formations of mushrooms or the absence of flora upon grasslands and other flora fields. They can appear in different places across the world while the causes of their formation remain partly unknown. They are closely connected with a plethora of folklore events around the world, where each civilization tried to give their own explanation about this phenomenon which was quite mysterious for the old and ancient civilizations. In United Kingdom during the medieval era the population had connected the fairy circles with fairy activities, disappearances and getaways. While in France they were mentioned along with wizards and rituals. In Greece they are related with «humanlike entities» who possess rare knowledge and special abilities, they have been reported in Namibia as well. In this study we will connect data related with phenomena such as Low energy Plasma vortexes to achieve a big scale analysis that will give us a better understanding of the circles and their causes