Increased BCS at calving due to nutritional manipulation during the prepartum period resulted in greater mobilization of body fat after calving, regardless of plane of nutrition during the last 60 d of gestation. Although fatter cows were shown to have greater mobilization of reserves during the postpartum period, they maintained greater BCS at all points from calving to weaning compared to cows calving with fewer reserves at calving. A unique finding of this experiment was that the variation in BCS at calving was positively associated with BCS loss for cows fed to accrete BC during the prepartum period but was not associated with BCS loss for cows fed at maintenance levels during gestation. This finding suggests a threshold response in which BCS loss postpartum is only related to BCS at calving of 6.5 or greater. Progeny of fatter cows were heavier at d 40 and 84, but no treatment differences existed at weaning. The relationship between BCS at calving and calf BW at d 40 differed by treatment. This suggests a threshold response in which calf BW is positively related to increases in BCS up to 5.75. At BCS ≥ 5.75 calf weights were greater than at lower BCS levels but were unrelated to incremental changes in BCS. Altering dietary energy level during mid and late gestation altered the net lipolytic rate of beef cows and altered the timing of changes in tissue sensitivity and total lipolysis. Basal release of NEFA did not change for cows on a maintenance diet, but increased significantly for fatter cows prior to calving, whereas basal glycerol was unaffected by treatment. The stimulated release of glycerol was also unaffected by treatment, but increased across all periods. The ratio of stimulated glycerol and NEFA release to basal release of glycerol and NEFA indicate that the AT of HI cows has a delayed response to the increase in sensitivity to lipolytic stimulants that is associated with homeorhetic adaptations; however, at 7 d after calving, no differences were observed for net or total lipolytic capacity of the tissue. Providing mature beef cows ad libitum access to a high‐energy diet alters pre‐calving sensitivity of AT, but after calving and when animals are receiving a common diet, no differences in lipolysis were observed. Thus, BCS (4.91 to 6.56), as manipulated by diet, does not appear to impair lipolytic function and regulation in beef cows as observed in dairy cows.

Elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that TSH-stimulated FA release from adipocytes contributes to macrophage inflammation. 3T3-L1 and human subcutaneous differentiated adipocytes were treated with TSH for 4 hours under various conditions and lipolysis assessed via glycerol secretion. Optimal conditions were determined and protein expression of ATGL, HSL and perilipin remained stable. TSH-stimulated 3T3-L1 or human adipocyte-conditioned medium (T-ACM) was placed on murine J774 or human THP-1 macrophages, respectively, and macrophage cytokine mRNA levels (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNFα) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. T-ACM did not change cytokine mRNA expression in J774 macrophages or THP-1 macrophages when compared to ACM. Absence of BSA in the medium may have hindered release of FA from differentiated adipocytes into the medium, BSA may be required to permit adequate FA accumulation in the medium to then evaluate the effect of T-ACM on macrophages. Further investigation is required to determine the effect of FA on J774 and THP-1 inflammatory response.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-160).

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-49). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 30, 2007). Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-45).

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ. , 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Les récepteurs couplés aux protéines G (RCPG) constituent la plus grande famille de récepteurs membranaires. Ils contrôlent de nombreux processus physiologiques et leurs implications dans de nombreuses pathologies fait de cette famille une cible de près de 30% des médicaments. Cependant nombre d'entre eux sont orphelins et/ou possèdent des fonctions inconnues, constituant ainsi un réservoir important de cibles pharmacologiques.Afin de déterminer quelles peuvent être les applications thérapeutiques des RCPG, il faut être capable d'identifier les tissus dans lesquels ils s'expriment et ont des effets biologiques. Pour cela, nous avons développé une approche de PCR quantitative à haut débit permettant l'étude de l'ensemble des gènes codants les RCPG murin.Nous avons tout d'abord recherché tous les endoRCPG de souris et pour chacune des séquences identifiées un couple d'amorces a été synthétisé.Nous avons ensuite utilisé cette banque d'amorces dans deux modèles de différenciation cellulaire. La culture primaire de neurones granulaires du cervelet et une lignée de préadipocytes.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur l'hypothèse suivante : si l'expression d'un RCPG varie au cours d'un phénomène particulier, c'est qu'il est possiblement impliqué dans la régulation de celui-ci.Nous avons donc dans un premier temps identifié les endoRCPG dont l'expression variait au cours de la différenciation cellulaire. Dans un deuxième temps nous avons testé par des approches pharmacologiques et de biologie cellulaire l'implication de ces récepteurs dans la régulation des divers aspects de la différenciation cellulaire des modèles étudiés. / G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptors and control numerous physiological processes. Accordingly, ~45% of drugs used to treat human pathologies target a GPCR. However, a number of GPCRs are orphans and/or involved in unknown functions, which makes GPCRs an attractive reservoir of pharmacological targets.To identify novel therapeutic applications of GPCR ligands, it is necessary to identify organs in which GPCRs are expressed and have biological effects. To that end, we developed a high-throughput, real-time PCR approach to quantify each and every murine GPCR transcripts. We first established a census of all endo-GPCRs, i.e. those GPCRs having an endogenous ligand, encoded in the murine genome. We then designed and validated a primer pair for each identified sequence.We used this primer collection in 2 models of cell differentiation, namely primary cultures of cerebellar granule neuroblasts and the preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cell line. Our basic premise in this approach is that changes in the expression levels of a GPCR in a given biological phenomenon is an indication that this GPCR might be functionally relevant to the biological process under study.We first focused on GPCRs whose expression changed during cellular differentiation, which enabled the identification of candidate GPCRs in this phenomenon. Using pharmacological and genomic tools, we tested the implication of those candidates in various aspects of cell differentiation. In particular, we performed a detailed study of the role of the F2r thrombin receptor and Gprc5a orphan receptor in preadipocyte proliferation.

Os hormônios tireoidianos (HT) executam um papel lipolítico importante no Tecido Adiposo Branco (TAB), sendo este efeito mediado por meio do aumento da expressão de receptores beta adrenérgicos na membrana do adipócito, o que aumenta a sensibilidade deste tecido as catecolaminas. Sabe-se que os principais efetores da ação lipolítica nesse tecido são a lipase hormônio sensível (LHS) e a lipase dos triglicerídeos dos adipócitos (ATGL), as quais hidrolisam os triglicerídeos em ácidos graxos e glicerol. Além disso, outros componentes estão envolvidos na atividade lipolítica, como as perilipinas, proteínas estas que envolvem a gota de gordura, formando uma barreira contra a ação da LHS e ATGL, de modo que precisam ser fosforiladas para que a LHS e ATGL possam exercer seu efeito lipolítico. Considerando: (a) a importância do tecido adiposo na homeostase energética e como fonte de citocinas, as quais estão relacionadas com a sensibilidade tecidual à insulina; (b) que a função e o metabolismo do tecido adiposo variam com a sua distribuição regional, e (c) que as ações lipolíticas dos HT, importantes reguladores da homeostase energética, têm sido muito pouco exploradas, pretendemos investigar, em ratos, (i) se os HT interferem na expressão da LHS, ATGL, perilipina A e dos receptores beta3 adrenérgicos no tecido adiposo branco, e (ii) se essas ações diferem nos distintos depósitos de gordura, o que poderia ampliar o campo de conhecimento sobre os efeitos lipolíticos destes hormônios e a nossa compreensão sobre a contribuição deles nas complicações associadas à obesidade e suas co-morbidades. / Thyroid hormones (TH) play an important lipolytic role in white adipose tissue (WAT). This effect is mediated by increased expression of beta-adrenergic receptors on adipocytes membrane, which increases the sensitivity of that tissue to catecholamines. It is known that the main effectors of the lipolytic action in WAT enzymatic activity, especially: hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), which hydrolyze triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. In addition, other components are involved in the lipolytic activity, such as perilipin. These proteins support the fat droplet, forming a protective barrier against HSL and ATGL action. Considering: (a) the importance of adipose tissue in energy homeostasis and as a source of cytokines which are related to insulin tissue sensitivity; (b) function and metabolism of adipose tissue vary with their regional distribution; and (c) lipolytic actions of HT, important regulators of energy homeostasis, have been little explored, we investigated in rats with hypothyroidism and submitted to T3 treatment: (i) TH effects on the expression of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL),perilipin A and beta-3 adrenergic receptors in WAT, and (ii) if this action are different on subcutaneous and visceral fat depot. This study has increased our understanding about the contribution of these hormones on WAT metabolism and metabolic disease as obesity.