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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Carbon fractions and stocks in organic layers in boreal forest soils—impacts of climatic and nutritional conditions

Hilli, S. (Sari) 26 April 2011 (has links)
Abstract The SOM in boreal forests contains non-living heterogeneous components resulting from microbial and chemical transformations of organic debris from plant litter. The major components in the plant biomass all decompose at different rates and therefore, contribute variably to the stable storages of soil C. The aims of the current thesis were 1) to explore how climate, soil fertility and initial litter quality affect the decomposition rate of litter, 2) to study how the different carbon fractions found in the plant litter relate to the quality and quantity of SOM in forest soils, 3) to determine whether the recalcitrant fraction of litter is derived from lignin and other polyphenols or from lipophilic compounds and carbohydrates, and 4) to determine whether the litter originating from different plant growth forms affects SOM formation in a similar way. The study was conducted in six north boreal and six south boreal study sites, half of which were mesic and half were sub-xeric. The overall initial litter quality and decomposition rate of carbon fractions did not differ between the two fertility levels and climate regimes. Litter with high initial water-soluble extractives (WSE) and nitrogen (N) decomposed at a faster rate than litter with lower initial WSE and N concentration irrespective of the soil fertility or climate conditions. Although decomposition rate varies among litter types, decomposition rate cannot explain differences in SOM quality or quantity between the northern and southern boreal forests. The organic matter accumulation and relative proportion of acid-insoluble residue (AIR) in SOM was higher in south boreal sites both in sub-xeric and mesic sites. Detailed characterization of the AIR fraction using pyrolysis-GC demonstrated that in the litter layer the concentration of AIR contains lignin and other insoluble polyphenols, but in the F and H layers, lignin-derived and chemically modified polyphenolics and decomposition products of resin acids. Although the concentration of the AIR fraction varies among litter types, its composition varied very little among the litter types, and between a sub-xeric and a mesic site. The results of this study suggest that the differences in plant community structure and quantitative differences in the litter input by various growth forms has more impact on OM accumulation than decomposition conditions in coniferous soils. / Tiivistelmä Metsämaan orgaaninen aines koostuu eriasteisesti hajonneesta karikkeesta sekä pitkälle maatuneesta, hajottajien muokkaamasta humuksesta. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin 1) kuinka ilmasto, maaperän ravinteisuus ja karikkeen kemialliset ominaisuudet vaikuttavat karikkeen hajoamisnopeuteen, 2) kuinka kasvien sisältämät erilaiset hiilifraktiot vaikuttavat maaperän orgaanisen aineen laatuun ja määrään, 3) millaiset hiiliyhdisteet muodostavat vaikeimmin hajoavan hiilifraktion karikkeessa ja pidemmälle maatuneessa orgaanisessa aineessa ja 4) onko erilaisten kasvien vaikutus orgaanisen aineksen muodostumiseen samanlainen kuusikoissa ja männiköissä pohjois- ja eteläboreaalisella havumetsävyöhykkeellä. Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että karikkeen maatumisnopeudessa ei ollut eroja pohjois- ja eteläboreaalisella kasvuvyöhykkeellä eikä kuusikoiden ja männiköiden väillä. Karike, joka sisälsi runsaasti vesiliukoisia yhdisteitä ja typpeä maatui nopeammin kuin vähän vesiliukoisia yhdisteitä tai typpeä sisältävä karike. Karikkeen maatumisnopeus ei kuitenkaan kyennyt selittämään eroja pidemmälle maatuneen orgaanisen aineksen määrässä ja laadussa pohjois- ja eteläboreaalisella kasvuvyöhykkeellä. Orgaanisen aineksen määrä oli suurempi eteläboreaalisella kasvuvyöhykkeellä verrattuna pohjoisboreaaliseen. Lisäksi vaikeasti hajoavia hiiliyhdisteitä (AIR-fraktio) kertyi eteläboreaaliseen metsämaahan enemmän kuin pohjoiseen. Karikekerroksessa ligniini ja polyfenolit muodostivat suuren osan AIR-fraktiosta. Maatumisen edetessä AIR-fraktion muodostavat lähinnä ligniinin hajoamisesta peräisin olevat ja muut modifioituneet polyfenolit sekä pihkahappojen hajoamistuotteet. Vaikka AIR-fraktion konsentraatio vaihteli kariketyypeittäin, sen kemiallinen koostumus oli hyvin samanlainen karikelajista riippumatta. Tutkimuksen perusteella vallitseva kasvillisuus ja sen tuottaman karikkeen määrä ja laatu vaikuttavat enemmän metsämaahan kertyvän orgaanisen aineen määrään kuin maatumisolosuhteet.
2

Optimalizace extrakce pigmentů z buněk kvasinek a řas / Optimization of extraction of pigments from yeast and algae cells

Šimanský, Samuel January 2020 (has links)
The presented diploma thesis deals with the extraction and storage stability of lipophilic pigments produced by selected strains of yeasts and algae. In this thesis, there was studied the influence of the selected solvents on the efficiency of extraction, as well as the effect of ambient temperature on the stability of the pigments during storage. The work is divided into two main parts, theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part knowledge about algae, yeasts and their cultivation parameters is summarized. Furthermore, some information regarding the selected lipid metabolites, their properties and possibilities of application in various branches of industry is mentioned. The practical part deals with the preparation of extracts and stability tests. Extracts were prepared from selected biomass samples in solvents suitable for applications in food industry or cosmetics (ethanol and hexane). Subsequently, the long-term stability tests lasting 4 months and short-term stability tests lasting a total of 28 days were performed on these extracts. The pigments were determined by HPLC and spectrophotometrically, the fatty acid content was determined by GC. For the extraction of pigments from biomass, in the most cases ethanol appears to be the optimal solvent. However, for lipid extraction from biomass, hexane appears to be the optimal solvent for a significant number of samples. In most samples, storage in the freezer showed the most favourable effect on pigment stability, but some samples showed comparable stability even when stored in the refrigerator.

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